Body Fluid Biomarkers of Neurological Injury in HIV-1-Associated Neurocognitive Disorder

Since combined antiretroviral therapy for human immunodeficiency virus-associated neurocognitive dysfunction (HAND) only slows the disease's progression, early identification and timely intervention are crucial for effective therapy. In this article, we review the latest evidence in body fluid biomarkers of HAND, providing an overview of research conducted on cerebrospinal fluid and blood samples to draw conclusions on promising biomarkers. Although the significance of biomarkers such as amyloid metabolites, tau proteins, neurofilament light chain, myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor in the early detection of HAND may not be immediately clear, they could potentially play a crucial role in evaluating prognosis and tracking the effectiveness of treatment.