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Related Concept Videos

Protein Kinases and Phosphatases02:54

Protein Kinases and Phosphatases

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Proteins undergo chemical modifications that trigger changes in the charge, structure, and conformation of the proteins. Phosphorylation, acetylation, glycosylation, nitrosylation, ubiquitination, lipidation, methylation, and proteolysis are various protein modifications that regulate protein activity. Such modifications are usually enzyme-driven.
Protein kinases
Many proteins in the cell are regulated by phosphorylation, the addition of a phosphate group. A family of enzymes called kinases...
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The JAK-STAT Signaling Pathway01:20

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Several cytokine receptors have tightly bound Janus kinase or JAK proteins attached at their cytosolic tail. Small signaling molecules such as cytokines, growth hormones, or prolactins bind to the cytokine receptors and initiate their dimerization. The dimerization brings the cytosolic JAKs together that trans-phosphorylate and activates each other. The activated JAKs now phosphorylate cytosolic tails of the cytokine receptors, which serve as binding sites for adaptor proteins such as  SH2...
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Autoimmune Disorders01:29

Autoimmune Disorders

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Autoimmune diseases are a group of disorders in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own cells, tissues, and organs. This results from an overactive immune response against substances and tissues normally present in the body. Let's delve into the concept and mechanism of autoimmune diseases from an immune system point of view, explore different causes and examples of such diseases, and discuss potential solutions.
Concept and Mechanism of Autoimmune Diseases
The immune...
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Phosphoinositides and PIPs01:42

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Phosphoinositides are a group of phospholipids containing a glycerol backbone with two fatty acid chains and a phosphate attached to a myoinositol sugar ring. The inositol head group extends into the cytoplasm, where it is modified by adding phosphate groups to form phosphatidylinositol phosphates or PIPs.
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Phosphorylation01:02

Phosphorylation

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The addition or removal of phosphate groups from proteins is the most common chemical modification that regulates cellular processes. These modifications can affect the structure, activity, stability, and localization of proteins within cells as well as their interactions with other proteins.
During phosphorylation, protein kinases transfer the terminal phosphate group of ATP to specific amino acid side chains of substrate proteins. Serine, threonine, and tyrosine are the most commonly...
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Amplifying Signals via Enzymatic Cascade01:22

Amplifying Signals via Enzymatic Cascade

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When a ligand binds to a cell-surface receptor, the receptor's intracellular domain changes shape, which may either activate its enzyme function or allow its binding to other molecules. The initial signal is amplified by most signal transduction pathways. This means that a single ligand molecule can activate multiple molecules of a downstream target. Proteins that relay a signal are most commonly phosphorylated at one or more sites, activating or inactivating the protein. Kinases catalyze...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 28, 2025

Author Spotlight: Developing Tools to Tune the Activity of Tyrosine Phosphatases
06:56

Author Spotlight: Developing Tools to Tune the Activity of Tyrosine Phosphatases

Published on: September 6, 2024

288

Protein phosphatases in systemic autoimmunity.

Wenliang Pan1, Maria G Tsokos1, Wei Li1

  • 1Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.

Immunometabolism (Cobham, Surrey)
|February 13, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Dysregulated protein phosphatases, crucial for immune balance, drive autoimmune diseases. Targeting these enzymes offers potential therapeutic strategies for systemic autoimmunity.

Keywords:
CD45DUSP2DUSP22PP2APTPN22SHP1SHP2TC-PTPautoimmunityphosphatase

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Protein phosphatases are vital for immune homeostasis.
  • Their dysregulation is linked to systemic autoimmune diseases, causing inflammation and tissue damage.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Review the roles of key phosphatases in systemic autoimmunity.
  • Explore their mechanisms in autoimmune pathogenesis.
  • Discuss therapeutic targeting of these enzymes.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of protein serine/threonine phosphatases.
  • Literature review of protein tyrosine phosphatases.
  • Analysis of their roles in immune cell subsets and disease mechanisms.

Main Results:

  • Identified key phosphatases implicated in systemic autoimmunity.
  • Elucidated mechanisms of phosphatase dysregulation in autoimmune pathogenesis.
  • Highlighted therapeutic potential of targeting specific phosphatases.

Conclusions:

  • Protein phosphatases are critical regulators in systemic autoimmunity.
  • Targeting phosphatases presents a promising therapeutic avenue for autoimmune diseases.