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Related Concept Videos

Assembly of Complex Microtubule Structures01:32

Assembly of Complex Microtubule Structures

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Complex microtubule structures are present in resting cells and in dividing cells. In resting cells, they are responsible for maintaining the cellular architecture, tracks for intracellular transport, positioning of organelles, assembly of cilia and flagella. They mediate the bipolar spindle assembly for chromosomal segregation and positioning of the cell division plate in dividing cells. The formation of microtubule complex structures depends on the cell type, cell stage, and cell function.
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Microtubules in Cell Motility01:24

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Microtubules are thick hollow cylindrical proteins that help form the cytoskeleton. Microtubules have varied roles in the cell. These filaments help form cellular appendages like cilia and flagella, which are responsible for locomotion. The cilia arise from basal bodies, separated from the main body by a membrane-like structure forming the transition zone. This zone is the gate for the entry of lipids and proteins, creating a unique composition of lipids and proteins in the ciliary membrane and...
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Microtubules are dynamic structures that undergo continuous assembly and disassembly. They originate from specialized multi-protein complexes known as microtubule organizing centers or MTOCs. Within the MTOC, the point of origin of the microtubule is known as the minus end, while the end radiating outward is the plus end. Microtubules serve two primary functions — the organization of spindle complexes to separate sister chromatids during mitotic or meiotic cell division and the formation...
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Role of Microtubules in Cell Wall Deposition01:02

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Microtubules are small hollow tubes in eukaryotic cells. The cell wall microtubules are polymerized dimers of two globular proteins, α-tubulin and β-tubulin, two globular proteins. With a diameter of about 25 nm, microtubules are the widest components of the cytoskeleton. They help the cell resist compression and provide a track along which vesicles move through the cell or pull replicated chromosomes to opposite ends of a dividing cell. Microtubules go through quick cycles of...
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There are three types of cytoskeletal structures in eukaryotic cells—microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules. With a diameter of about 25 nm, microtubules are the thickest of these fibers. Microtubules carry out a variety of functions that include cell structure and support, transport of organelles, cell motility (movement), and the separation of chromosomes during cell division.
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Cells migrating in response to external stimuli form lamellipodia, which are thin membrane protrusions supported by a mesh of linked, branched, or unbranched actin filaments. These actin filaments interact with myosin motor proteins, creating the dynamic actomyosin complex within the cytoskeleton. Contractility, or the ability to generate contractile stress, is inherent to the actomyosin complex. It helps cells detect the stiffness of the surrounding ECM and exert contractile force for...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 28, 2025

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Microtubule flexibility, microtubule-based nucleation and ROP pattern co-alignment enhance protoxylem microtubule

Bas Jacobs1, Marco Saltini1, Jaap Molenaar1

  • 1Mathematical and Statistical Methods (Biometris), Plant Science Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, 6708 PB, The Netherlands.

Quantitative Plant Biology
|February 13, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Plant cell development relies on Rho-of-Plants (ROP) proteins and microtubules for forming xylem tissue. Simulations reveal microtubule flexibility and nucleation are key for robust protoxylem band formation.

Keywords:
microtubule nucleationmicrotubule persistence lengthplant cortical microtubulesprotoxylemstochastic simulation

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Area of Science:

  • Plant Biology
  • Cell Biology
  • Biophysics

Background:

  • Xylem development is crucial for water transport in plants.
  • Secondary cell wall patterns in protoxylem are formed by Rho-of-Plants (ROP) proteins and cortical microtubules.
  • Understanding microtubule dynamics is essential for comprehending plant cell morphogenesis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the biophysical mechanisms underlying protoxylem microtubule band formation.
  • To explore the role of microtubule flexibility and nucleation in pattern generation.
  • To simulate and analyze microtubule behavior during secondary cell wall deposition.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized CorticalSim simulations to model microtubule dynamics.
  • Incorporated finite microtubule persistence length into the simulations.
  • Developed and applied a novel algorithm for microtubule-based nucleation.

Main Results:

  • Microtubule flexibility aids pattern formation across varying orientation mismatches.
  • Increased flexibility leads to microtubule density loss via collisions and gap regions.
  • Microtubule-dependent nucleation effectively counteracts density loss by shifting nucleation sites.

Conclusions:

  • Microtubule flexibility is a critical factor in achieving desired pattern orientations.
  • Microtubule-dependent nucleation mechanisms are vital for maintaining band integrity.
  • These findings elucidate robust mechanisms for protoxylem band formation in plants.