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Related Concept Videos

Special Features of Adaptive Immunity01:20

Special Features of Adaptive Immunity

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The adaptive immune system, a crucial component of the overall immune response, offers a highly specialized defense against pathogens. It involves specific cell types and features, enabling it to combat infections effectively and efficiently.
The primary cell types involved in adaptive immunity are T cells and B cells. Each type has a unique role in defending the body against pathogens. T cells are responsible for cell-mediated immunity. They identify and eliminate infected cells directly,...
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Inflammatory Response01:28

Inflammatory Response

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An inflammatory response is a localized, nonspecific immune reaction that occurs when a tissue is injured. It is characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain, which are commonly called the cardinal signs and symptoms of inflammation. Inflammation can sometimes result in a loss of function.
Inflammation can be triggered by various stimuli, such as impact, abrasion, chemical irritation, infections, and extreme hot or cold temperatures. These can damage cells and connective tissue fibers,...
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T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

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When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...
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Cell-mediated Immune Responses01:40

Cell-mediated Immune Responses

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Overview
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T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

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T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
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Regulation of Hematopoietic Stem Cells01:01

Regulation of Hematopoietic Stem Cells

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All blood and immune cells are produced from the multipotent hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) by the process of hematopoiesis. However, they all have a limited life span. In addition, many are depleted in immune surveillance or combatting an injury or infection. This makes blood one of the most regenerative tissues. Hematopoiesis helps replenish these blood and immune cells, restoring the body's normal functioning. However, overproduction of blood and immune cells can make them cancerous or...
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Updated: May 28, 2025

Regulatory T cells: Therapeutic Potential for Treating Transplant Rejection and Type I Diabetes
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Immune Tolerance Regulation Is Critical to Immune Homeostasis.

Lei Han1, Tianxiang Wu2, Qin Zhang2

  • 1Department of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Health Vocational College, Nanjing 211800, Jiangsu, China.

Journal of Immunology Research
|February 14, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Maintaining immune tolerance is crucial for health, balancing self-antigen recognition and foreign antigen defense. This review explores immune tolerance mechanisms and regulatory factors, offering insights for treating autoimmune diseases, transplant rejection, and cancer.

Keywords:
AICDTCRTregclonal deletionimmune tolerance

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Autoimmunity
  • Transplantation Immunology
  • Cancer Immunology

Background:

  • The immune system must distinguish self from non-self to maintain health.
  • Immune tolerance, the ability to not attack self-antigens, is vital for homeostasis.
  • Dysregulation of immune tolerance is implicated in autoimmune diseases, transplant rejection, and cancer.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the known mechanisms of immune tolerance.
  • To identify key factors regulating immune tolerance.
  • To provide insights for immune system recovery in disease contexts.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive literature review of immune tolerance mechanisms.
  • Analysis of endogenous, adaptive, and other immune tolerance pathways.
  • Identification of regulatory factors influencing immune homeostasis.

Main Results:

  • Detailed summary of established immune tolerance mechanisms.
  • Highlighting the complexity and multifactorial nature of immune regulation.
  • Identification of critical factors governing immune tolerance.

Conclusions:

  • Current understanding of immune tolerance is limited but advancing.
  • Immune tolerance mechanisms are key targets for therapeutic intervention.
  • Findings offer new avenues for immune system recovery in major diseases.