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Fetal Circulation

Fetal Circulation

Fetal circulation is a unique system that facilitates the exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste products between the developing fetus and the mother. This intricate process takes place through a special organ called the placenta.
Two umbilical arteries transport blood from the fetus to the placenta. At the placenta, the blood absorbs oxygen and nutrients while simultaneously eliminating waste products. This oxygen-enriched and nutrient-rich blood then returns to the fetus through one...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 12, 2025

Guide Wire Assisted Catheterization and Colored Dye Injection for Vascular Mapping of Monochorionic Twin Placentas

Guide Wire Assisted Catheterization and Colored Dye Injection for Vascular Mapping of Monochorionic Twin Placentas

Published on: September 5, 2011

[TRAP (Twin Reversed Arterial Perfusion) Sequence in the Third Trimester].

Andreas Rizos¹, Froukje Snaaijer-Grotheer¹, Horst Meyberg²

¹Gynäkologie und Geburtshilfe, Klinikum am Gesundbrunnen, Heilbronn, Germany.

Zeitschrift Fur Geburtshilfe Und Neonatologie

|February 14, 2025

Summary

Twin Reversed Arterial Perfusion (TRAP) sequence is a rare condition in twins. This case highlights a severe, untreated TRAP sequence in a monochorionic monoamniotic pregnancy diagnosed late.

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Last Updated: Jun 12, 2025

Guide Wire Assisted Catheterization and Colored Dye Injection for Vascular Mapping of Monochorionic Twin Placentas

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Published on: September 5, 2011

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Human Fetal Blood Flow Quantification with Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Motion Compensation

Human Fetal Blood Flow Quantification with Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Motion Compensation

Published on: January 7, 2021

Area of Science:

Perinatology
Fetal Medicine
Maternal-Fetal Medicine

Background:

Twin Reversed Arterial Perfusion (TRAP) sequence is a rare complication of monochorionic twin pregnancies.
It involves vascular anastomoses leading to a hemodynamically dependent 'parasitic' twin.
The 'pump' twin's survival is prioritized, with interventions typically recommended before 16 weeks gestation.

Purpose of the Study:

To present a case of a severely expressed, untreated TRAP sequence.
To highlight the challenges of late diagnosis in monochorionic monoamniotic pregnancies.
To demonstrate the maximal expression of TRAP sequence without intervention.

Main Methods:

Case report presentation.
Review of clinical presentation and diagnostic findings.
Discussion of the natural progression of untreated TRAP sequence.

Main Results:

An undiagnosed TRAP sequence was identified in a monochorionic monoamniotic pregnancy at 34 weeks gestation.
The case demonstrated severe malformations consistent with maximal expression of the untreated TRAP sequence.
The findings underscore the importance of early diagnosis and intervention.

Conclusions:

Late diagnosis of TRAP sequence can lead to severe fetal malformations.
Monochorionic monoamniotic pregnancies require vigilant monitoring for TRAP sequence.
This case emphasizes the natural history of untreated TRAP sequence.