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Related Concept Videos

Transcription Attenuation in Prokaryotes02:42

Transcription Attenuation in Prokaryotes

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Transcriptional attenuation occurs when RNA transcription is prematurely terminated due to the formation of a terminator mRNA hairpin structure.  Bacteria use these hairpins to regulate the transcription process and control the synthesis of several amino acids including histidine, lysine, threonine, and phenylalanine. Transcription attenuation takes place in the non-coding regions of mRNA.
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RNA polymerase (RNAP) carries out DNA-dependent RNA synthesis in both bacteria and eukaryotes. Bacteria do not have a membrane-bound nucleus. So, transcription and translation occur simultaneously, on the same DNA template.
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Initiation is the first step of transcription in eukaryotes. Prokaryotic RNA Polymerase (RNAP) can bind to the template DNA and start transcribing. On the other hand, transcription in eukaryotes requires additional proteins, called transcription factors, to first bind to the promoter region in the DNA template. This binding helps recruit the specific RNAP that can assemble on the DNA and start transcription.
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Eukaryotic RNA Polymerases00:58

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RNA Polymerase (RNAP) is conserved in all animals, with bacterial, archaeal, and eukaryotic RNAPs sharing significant sequence, structural, and functional similarities. Among the three eukaryotic RNAPs, RNA Polymerase II is most similar to bacterial RNAP in terms of both structural organization and folding topologies of the enzyme subunits. However, these similarities are not reflected in their mechanism of action.
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Certain biochemical processes, such as embryonic development and cell growth regulation, depend on the repression of specific genes. DNA binding proteins known as eukaryotic transcription inhibitors regulate the repression of gene expression in eukaryotes. The presence of these inhibitors at the required location and time in the cell is triggered by the presence of hormones and additional signals from other cells.
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Proteins that regulate transcription can do so either via direct contact with RNA Polymerase or through indirect interactions facilitated by adaptors, mediators, histone-modifying proteins, and nucleosome remodelers. Direct interactions to activate transcription is seen in bacteria as well as in some eukaryotic genes. In these cases, upstream activation sequences are adjacent to the promoters, and the activator proteins interact directly with the transcriptional machinery. For example, in...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 28, 2025

Analysis of Termination of Transcription Using BrUTP-strand-specific Transcription Run-on TRO Approach
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Nucleotide-induced hyper-oligomerization inactivates transcription termination factor ρ.

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Area of Science:

  • Bacteriology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Bacterial RNA helicase Rho is a crucial genome sentinel.
  • Rho terminates the synthesis of damaged and untranslated RNAs.
  • Regulation of Rho during dormancy and stress is not well understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the regulation of bacterial RNA helicase Rho.
  • To understand how Rho activity is modulated during cellular stress and dormancy.

Main Methods:

  • Cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) was employed.
  • Biochemical assays were performed.
  • Genetic approaches were utilized to study Rho function.

Main Results:

  • Substitutions in Rho's connector domain or ADP binding promote extended filament formation.
  • (p)ppGpp induces transient Rho dodecamer formation.
  • Nucleotide binding inhibits Rho ring closure, favoring inactive higher-order oligomers.
  • Connector substitutions and protein/RNA synthesis inhibitors trigger Rho aggregation.

Conclusions:

  • ADP and (p)ppGpp binding regulates Rho activity by preventing hexamer activation.
  • Rho aggregation is implicated as a mechanism for tuning its activity.
  • Findings shed light on Rho's role as a genome sentinel under stress conditions.