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Metallic Solids

Metallic Solids

Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
All metallic solids exhibit high thermal and electrical conductivity, metallic luster, and malleability....

Ionic Crystal Structures

Ionic Crystal Structures

Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
Most monatomic ions behave as charged spheres, and their attraction for ions of opposite charge is the same in every direction. Consequently, stable structures for ionic compounds result (1) when ions of one charge are surrounded by as many ions as possible of the opposite...

Structures of Solids

Structures of Solids

Solids in which the atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a definite repeating pattern are known as crystalline solids. Metals and ionic compounds typically form ordered, crystalline solids. A crystalline solid has a precise melting temperature because each atom or molecule of the same type is held in place with the same forces or energy. Amorphous solids or non-crystalline solids (or, sometimes, glasses) which lack an ordered internal structure and are randomly arranged. Substances that...

Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes

Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes

Crystal Field Theory
To explain the observed behavior of transition metal complexes (such as colors), a model involving electrostatic interactions between the electrons from the ligands and the electrons in the unhybridized d orbitals of the central metal atom has been developed. This electrostatic model is crystal field theory (CFT). It helps to understand, interpret, and predict the colors, magnetic behavior, and some structures of coordination compounds of transition metals.
CFT focuses on...

VSEPR Theory and the Basic Shapes

VSEPR Theory and the Basic Shapes

Overview of VSEPR Theory

Lattice Centering and Coordination Number

Lattice Centering and Coordination Number

The structure of a crystalline solid, whether a metal or not, is best described by considering its simplest repeating unit, which is referred to as its unit cell. The unit cell consists of lattice points that represent the locations of atoms or ions. The entire structure then consists of this unit cell repeating in three dimensions. The three different types of unit cells present in the cubic lattice are illustrated in Figure 1.
Types of Unit Cells
Imagine taking a large number of identical...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 28, 2025

Controlling the Size, Shape and Stability of Supramolecular Polymers in Water

Controlling the Size, Shape and Stability of Supramolecular Polymers in Water

Published on: August 2, 2012

General theory for packing icosahedral shells into multi-component aggregates.

Nicolò Canestrari¹, Diana Nelli², Riccardo Ferrando³

¹Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Genova, Genova, Italy.

Nature Communications

|February 14, 2025

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed a new theory to design stable multi-component icosahedral structures. This framework predicts optimal particle arrangements for various applications, confirmed by simulations.

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Assembly and Characterization of Polyelectrolyte Complex Micelles

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Controlling the Size, Shape and Stability of Supramolecular Polymers in Water

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Assembly and Characterization of Polyelectrolyte Complex Micelles

Assembly and Characterization of Polyelectrolyte Complex Micelles

Published on: March 2, 2020

Area of Science:

Materials Science
Computational Chemistry
Nanotechnology

Background:

Multi-component aggregates are crucial in diverse fields due to their tunable properties and applications.
Predicting stable structures of these complex systems is challenging due to vast configurational space.
A general theoretical framework for structure prediction is currently incomplete.

Purpose of the Study:

To propose a general theory for constructing multi-component icosahedral structures.
To establish design rules for various magic icosahedral structures.
To evaluate optimal particle size-mismatch in different shells.

Main Methods:

Developing a theory based on assembling concentric shells of chiral and achiral types.
Mapping shell sequences to paths in the hexagonal lattice.
Utilizing molecular dynamics simulations and density functional theory calculations for validation.

Main Results:

Established simple and general rules for designing diverse magic icosahedral structures.
Identified optimal size-mismatch parameters for constituent particles.
Validated the theoretical predictions through computational simulations.

Conclusions:

The proposed theory provides a robust framework for designing multi-component icosahedral structures.
The findings are applicable to atomic clusters and nanoparticles.
This work advances the understanding and prediction of complex aggregate structures.