A dual-channel fluorescent probe with mitochondria-immobilization: Detecting polarity and viscosity during mitophagy

Mitophagy is a key pathway for regulating mitochondrial quality and quantity which is essential for the preservation of cellular homeostasis. Mitophagy process may be accompanied by changes of the mitochondrial microenvironments. The multifunctional fluorescent probe is crucial for the precise detection of multiple microenvironments, which is vital for the visualization of mitophagy. Herein, a mitochondria-immobilized fluorescent probe DPP was designed and fabricated to visualize mitophagy by monitoring polarity and viscosity in dual-channel. The DPP is characterized by "D-π-A″ structure, which provides the basis for the intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) and twisted intramolecular charge transfer (TICT) platform, enabling dual-channel responses to polarity and viscosity at emission wavelengths of 487 nm and 656 nm, respectively. The significant wavelength gap (169 nm) between the above channels prevents signal crosstalk. Additionally, the incorporation of 1, 4-dibenzyl chloride grants the probe mitochondrial immobilization capabilities, avoiding the leak of probe due to mitochondrial depolarization during autophagy. The DPP accumulates in mitochondria and monitors polarity and viscosity changes in green and red channels, respectively. Notably, the investigation of the relationship between polarity and viscosity revealed that an increase in viscosity is accompanied by a decrease in polarity. The mitophagy was effectively observed through the induction of DPP by rapamycin, with a particular emphasis on the increase in viscosity and decrease in polarity. Thus, DPP offers a powerful tool for a deeper understanding of the physiological and pathological processes associated with mitophagy and are regulated by various microenvironmental parameters.