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Related Concept Videos

Catalysis02:50

Catalysis

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The presence of a catalyst affects the rate of a chemical reaction. A catalyst is a substance that can increase the reaction rate without being consumed during the process. A basic comprehension of a catalysts’ role during chemical reactions can be understood from the concept of reaction mechanisms and energy diagrams.
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Cycloaddition Reactions: Overview01:16

Cycloaddition Reactions: Overview

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Cycloadditions are one of the most valuable and effective synthesis routes to form cyclic compounds. These are concerted pericyclic reactions between two unsaturated compounds resulting in a cyclic product with two new σ bonds formed at the expense of π bonds. The [4 + 2] cycloaddition, known as the Diels–Alder reaction, is the most common. The other example is a [2 + 2] cycloaddition.
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Reduction of Benzene to Cyclohexane: Catalytic Hydrogenation01:28

Reduction of Benzene to Cyclohexane: Catalytic Hydrogenation

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Unlike the easy catalytic hydrogenation of an alkene double bond, hydrogenation of a benzene double bond under similar reaction conditions does not take place easily. For example, in the reduction of stilbene, the benzene ring remains unaffected while the alkene bond gets reduced. Hydrogenation of an alkene double bond is exothermic and a favorable process. In contrast, to hydrogenate the first unsaturated bond of benzene, an energy input is needed; that is, the process is endothermic. This is...
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Cycloaddition Reactions: MO Requirements for Thermal Activation01:16

Cycloaddition Reactions: MO Requirements for Thermal Activation

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Thermal cycloadditions are reactions where the source of activation energy needed to initiate the reaction is provided in the form of heat. A typical example of a thermally-allowed cycloaddition is the Diels–Alder reaction, which is a [4 + 2] cycloaddition. In contrast, a [2 + 2] cycloaddition is thermally forbidden.
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Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation02:17

Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation

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Catalytic hydrogenation of alkenes is a transition-metal catalyzed reduction of the double bond using molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. The mode of hydrogen addition follows syn stereochemistry.
The metal catalyst used can be either heterogeneous or homogeneous. When hydrogenation of an alkene generates a chiral center, a pair of enantiomeric products is expected to form. However, an enantiomeric excess of one of the products can be facilitated using an enantioselective reaction or an...
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Cycloaddition Reactions: MO Requirements for Photochemical Activation01:12

Cycloaddition Reactions: MO Requirements for Photochemical Activation

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Some cycloaddition reactions are activated by heat, while others are initiated by light. For example, a [2 + 2] cycloaddition between two ethylene molecules occurs only in the presence of light. It is photochemically allowed but thermally forbidden.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 27, 2025

Synthesis and Performance Characterizations of Transition Metal Single Atom Catalyst for Electrochemical CO2 Reduction
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Synthesis and Performance Characterizations of Transition Metal Single Atom Catalyst for Electrochemical CO2 Reduction

Published on: April 10, 2018

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Engineering Nitrogen-Coordinated Single-Atom Catalysts for Efficient CO2 Cycloaddition.

Jiayi Li1, Keke Mao2, Wanbing Gong1

  • 1School of Nuclear Science and Technology, National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, P. R. China.

Small (Weinheim an Der Bergstrasse, Germany)
|February 16, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed nitrogen-coordinated transition-metal single-atom catalysts (SACs) for efficient carbon dioxide (CO2) cycloaddition. The optimized zinc SAC achieved over 99% yield for converting propylene oxide to propylene carbonate under mild conditions.

Keywords:
CO2 cycloadditionacid–base sitescyclic carbonatessingle‐atom catalyststransition metals

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Area of Science:

  • Catalysis
  • Materials Science
  • Green Chemistry

Background:

  • Efficient conversion of carbon dioxide (CO2) to cyclic carbonates is vital for sustainable chemical processes.
  • Developing nonprecious heterogeneous catalysts for CO2 cycloaddition remains a significant challenge.
  • Nitrogen-coordinated transition-metal single-atom catalysts (SACs) show promise but require optimized synthesis and mechanistic understanding.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a facile and scalable method for synthesizing nitrogen-coordinated transition-metal SACs.
  • To investigate the catalytic performance of these SACs for the cycloaddition of CO2 with epoxides.
  • To elucidate the structure-activity relationships and reaction mechanisms governing the catalytic process.

Main Methods:

  • A molecules-confined pyrolysis approach was employed for catalyst synthesis.
  • Characterization techniques were used to reveal coordination structures and nitrogen species.
  • Experimental and theoretical simulations were conducted to understand reaction mechanisms.

Main Results:

  • The synthesized TM SACs exhibited excellent catalytic activity for CO2 cycloaddition under solvent-free, mild conditions.
  • The optimal zinc SAC (13.2 wt.% Zn) achieved >99% yield in 2 hours at 80°C for propylene oxide conversion.
  • High density of Lewis acid-base sites (Zn and N) was found to effectively activate reactants and lower reaction energy.

Conclusions:

  • The developed TM SACs offer a highly efficient and stable catalytic system for CO2 cycloaddition reactions.
  • The study provides crucial insights into designing advanced SACs by correlating performance with metal centers and nitrogen species.
  • This work presents a new strategy for creating active and stable SACs for efficient cycloaddition reactions, contributing to CO2 utilization.