Primary thyroid mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue marginal zone lymphoma in a 46-year-old female: a case report

Primary thyroid lymphoma (PTL) is an extremely rare form of thyroid malignancy, merely accounting for 2-5% of all cases. Owing to its low incidence and the absence of concrete clinical manifestations, PTL is frequently misdiagnosed as thyroiditis or thyroid cancer, thereby presenting a significant hurdle to accurate diagnosis.

This case study centered around a 46-year-old female patient. We meticulously detailed the diagnosis and treatment process of her primary thyroid mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) marginal zone lymphoma. Although ultrasonography can preliminarily flag suspected cases, a histopathologic biopsy remains indispensable for a conclusive diagnosis. In terms of treatment, surgery is only recommended under specific circumstances. Radiotherapy and chemotherapy are common approaches and play a pivotal role in managing the conditions of particular PTL patients. In this instance, the patient sought medical attention due to a rapidly enlarging neck mass. Ultrasonography revealed diffuse thyroid lesions with reticular nodules, and further biopsy verified MALT lymphoma. Subsequently, an individualized radiotherapy plan was devised.

If PTL can be diagnosed at an early stage and treatment commenced promptly, the prognosis is generally favorable. Hence, a profound understanding of the clinical and imaging characteristics of PTL and the attainment of early diagnosis are of crucial importance for effective treatment and prognosis evaluation. This can not only enhance the survival rate of patients but also furnish valuable experience for the diagnosis and treatment of subsequent similar cases, facilitating the advancement of medicine.