Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Aqueous Solutions and Heats of Hydration

Aqueous Solutions and Heats of Hydration

Water and other polar molecules are attracted to ions. The electrostatic attraction between an ion and a molecule with a dipole is called an ion-dipole attraction. These attractions play an important role in the dissolution of ionic compounds in water.
When ionic compounds dissolve in water, the ions in the solid separate and disperse uniformly throughout the solution because water molecules surround and solvate the ions, reducing the strong electrostatic forces between them. This process...

Precipitation of Ions

Precipitation of Ions

Predicting Precipitation
The equation that describes the equilibrium between solid calcium carbonate and its solvated ions is:

Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer

Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer

Ions are atoms or molecules bearing an electrical charge. A cation (a positive ion) forms when a neutral atom loses one or more electrons from its valence shell, and an anion (a negative ion) forms when a neutral atom gains one or more electrons in its valence shell. Compounds composed of ions are called ionic compounds (or salts), and their constituent ions are held together by ionic bonds: electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged cations and anions.

Alkyl Halides

Alkyl Halides

Structural Properties
Alkyl halides are halogen-substituted alkanes wherein one or more hydrogen atoms of an alkane is replaced by a halogen atom such as fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine. The carbon atom in an alkyl halide is bonded to the halogen atom, which is sp3-hybridized and exhibits a tetrahedral shape.
Unlike alkyl halides, compounds in which a halogen atom is bonded to an sp2 -hybridized carbon atom of a carbon-carbon double bond (C=C) are called vinyl halides. Whereas aryl...

Common Ion Effect

Common Ion Effect

Compared with pure water, the solubility of an ionic compound is less in aqueous solutions containing a common ion (one also produced by dissolution of the ionic compound). This is an example of a phenomenon known as the common ion effect, which is a consequence of the law of mass action that may be explained using Le Châtelier’s principle. Consider the dissolution of silver iodide:

Formation of Complex Ions

Formation of Complex Ions

A type of Lewis acid-base chemistry involves the formation of a complex ion (or a coordination complex) comprising a central atom, typically a transition metal cation, surrounded by ions or molecules called ligands. These ligands can be neutral molecules like H2O or NH3, or ions such as CN− or OH−. Often, the ligands act as Lewis bases, donating a pair of electrons to the central atom. These types of Lewis acid-base reactions are examples of a broad subdiscipline called coordination...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Light-induced quantum friction of carbon nanotubes in water.

Nature·2026

Same author

THz spectroscopic fingerprints of the hydration upon globular protein assembly.

The Journal of chemical physics·2026

Same author

A Film of Hydrophobic Cations Reshapes the Electric Double Layer at the Metal/Water Interface.

Journal of the American Chemical Society·2026

Same author

Advances in fulvic acid extraction from lignite: techniques, challenges, and applications.

Environmental monitoring and assessment·2026

Same author

Perfluorinated alkyl groups induce unexpected hydrophobic hydration structure.

Physical chemistry chemical physics : PCCP·2026

Same author

Integrated setup for time and spatially resolved micro-photoluminescence.

The Review of scientific instruments·2026

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 27, 2025

From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding

From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding

Published on: March 24, 2018

High-Mobility Electrons in Aqueous Iodide Solutions.

Fabio Novelli¹, Adrian Buchmann¹, Iqra Yousaf¹

¹Department of Physical Chemistry II, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum 44801, Germany.

|February 17, 2025

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Two-photon absorption of iodide solutions generates delocalized electrons in water, differing from localized precursors. These electrons exhibit significantly higher mobility and diffusivity than relaxed solvated electrons.

More Related Videos

On-chip Isotachophoresis for Separation of Ions and Purification of Nucleic Acids

On-chip Isotachophoresis for Separation of Ions and Purification of Nucleic Acids

Published on: March 2, 2012

Synthesis and Purification of Iodoaziridines Involving Quantitative Selection of the Optimal Stationary Phase for Chromatography

Synthesis and Purification of Iodoaziridines Involving Quantitative Selection of the Optimal Stationary Phase for Chromatography

Published on: May 16, 2014

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 27, 2025

From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding

From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding

Published on: March 24, 2018

On-chip Isotachophoresis for Separation of Ions and Purification of Nucleic Acids

On-chip Isotachophoresis for Separation of Ions and Purification of Nucleic Acids

Published on: March 2, 2012

Synthesis and Purification of Iodoaziridines Involving Quantitative Selection of the Optimal Stationary Phase for Chromatography

Synthesis and Purification of Iodoaziridines Involving Quantitative Selection of the Optimal Stationary Phase for Chromatography

Published on: May 16, 2014

Area of Science:

Physical Chemistry
Photochemistry
Spectroscopy

Background:

Photoexcitation of aqueous iodide solutions serves as a model for generating electrons in liquid water.
One-photon excitation produces localized electron precursors near the parent ion.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the nature of electrons generated via two-photon absorption in aqueous iodide solutions.
To characterize the properties of these impulsively generated electrons using advanced spectroscopic techniques.

Main Methods:

Transient absorption spectroscopy across terahertz, near-infrared, and visible frequencies.
Utilizing ∼400 nm pulses for two-photon excitation.
Employing transient terahertz spectroscopy for detailed analysis.

Main Results:

Two-photon absorption impulsively generates short-lived (∼250 fs), delocalized electrons.
These delocalized electrons are released further from the parent ion compared to one-photon excitation.
Proposed electronic transitions (5p → 6p) suggest frustrated Rydberg orbitals or large radius excitons.
Delocalized states exhibit electronic mobility and diffusivity approximately 500 times greater than relaxed electrons.

Conclusions:

Two-photon excitation offers a distinct pathway to generate highly mobile, delocalized electrons in water.
The observed delocalized states represent a unique transient species with significant implications for understanding electron dynamics in condensed phases.