Lithium Borate-Squarate: An Organic-Inorganic Groups-Mixed Nonlinear Optical Crystal with Large Birefringence

To design new nonlinear optical (NLO) crystals efficiently, mixing two or more types of functional groups is a favored strategy. Herein, by combining two types of planar π-conjugate groups, triangular (BO₃)^3- and square (C₄O₄)^2-, the new lithium borate-squarate composite NLO crystal Li₂(C₄O₄)(H₃BO₃)(H₂O)₄·H₃BO₃ was synthesized, featuring a layered structure. This crystal exhibits a moderate second harmonic generation (SHG) response of 1.1 × KDP and a large birefringence of 0.267@1064 nm. Theoretical calculations demonstrate that the synergistic effect of the two types of groups is responsible for its optical performance. This work also enriches the currently scarce borate-squarate composite compound system.