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Regulation of Food Intake01:30

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Short-term regulation of food intake primarily involves neural signals from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, blood nutrient levels, and GI tract hormones. Communication between the gut and brain via vagal nerve fibers plays a significant role in evaluating the contents of the gut. Clinical studies have shown that protein ingestion produces a more prolonged response in these nerve fibers compared to an equivalent amount of glucose. Additionally, the activation of stretch receptors caused by GI...
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Conditioned taste aversion, also known as sauce béarnaise syndrome, is a phenomenon in which an individual develops an aversion to a certain food taste following a negative experience, typically illness. This form of aversion is a type of classical conditioning in which the taste of the food (conditioned stimulus, CS) is associated with the experience of illness (unconditioned stimulus, UCS).
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Instinctive drift refers to the tendency of animals to revert to their innate behaviors despite repeated reinforcement. Breland and Breland demonstrated this concept in an experiment with a raccoon. The raccoon was trained to pick up two coins and place them in a container in exchange for food. Initially, the raccoon learned to associate the coins with food, making them a conditioned stimulus or a substitute for food. However, over time, the raccoon became less willing to put the coins into the...
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Updated: May 27, 2025

A Treatment Package without Escape Extinction to Address Food Selectivity
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Neural Response to Food Cues in Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder.

Jennifer J Thomas1,2,3, Laura Holsen2,3,4, Avery L Van De Water2,4,5

  • 1Eating Disorders Clinical and Research Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston.

JAMA Network Open
|February 18, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Neuroimaging reveals heightened brain activity in regions associated with fear and sensory processing in individuals with avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID). This study identifies a novel neurobiological circuit underlying ARFID, offering insights into food avoidance behaviors.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Psychiatry
  • Medical Imaging

Background:

  • The neurobiology of avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID) remains largely unexplored.
  • Understanding ARFID's neural underpinnings is crucial for developing effective interventions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate differences in brain activation patterns between individuals with ARFID and healthy controls (HC) when exposed to food-related stimuli.
  • To explore the neural correlates of ARFID's distinct phenotypes: fear of food, lack of interest in eating, and sensory sensitivity.

Main Methods:

  • A case-control study involving 110 children, adolescents, and young adults with ARFID and age-matched HC participants.
  • Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used to measure brain activity in response to images of food versus neutral objects.
  • Participants underwent structured interviews to assess ARFID presence and phenotypes.

Main Results:

  • Individuals with ARFID showed significantly greater activation in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), sensory association cortex, and supplementary motor cortex compared to HC.
  • The ARFID-fear subgroup exhibited heightened amygdala activation, while the ARFID-lack of interest subgroup showed reduced hypothalamus activation.
  • The ARFID-sensory sensitivity subgroup displayed increased ACC and somatosensory cortex activation.

Conclusions:

  • Findings suggest a generalized hyperactivation in specific brain regions in response to visual food stimuli in individuals with ARFID.
  • These results point to a novel neurobiological circuit associated with ARFID and its diverse phenotypic presentations.
  • The observed brain activation patterns align with the proposed mechanisms of food avoidance in different ARFID subtypes.