Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 5, 2026

High-throughput Flow Cytometry Cell-based Assay to Detect Antibodies to N-Methyl-D-aspartate Receptor or Dopamine-2 Receptor in Human Serum
10:19

High-throughput Flow Cytometry Cell-based Assay to Detect Antibodies to N-Methyl-D-aspartate Receptor or Dopamine-2 Receptor in Human Serum

Published on: November 23, 2013

16.2K

Clinical and imaging features and treatment response of anti-NMDAR encephalitis combined with MOGAD

Guanhua Yan1, De-Cai Tian2, Xinghu Zhang2

  • 1Departments of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100070, China; Departments of Neurology, Liaocheng Peoples' Hospital, Liaocheng 252000, China.

Journal of Clinical Neuroscience : Official Journal of the Neurosurgical Society of Australasia
|February 18, 2025
PubMed
Abstract

Insights

Anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis (NMDARE) and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD) co-occurrence presents unique challenges. Rituximab (RTX) significantly reduced recurrence rates in these patients, suggesting its therapeutic efficacy.

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Immunology
  • Neuroimmunology

Background:

  • Anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis (NMDARE) and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD) are distinct autoimmune neurological disorders.
  • Investigating the combined presentation of NMDARE and MOGAD is crucial for understanding complex neuroinflammatory conditions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To characterize the clinical and imaging features of patients with coexisting NMDARE and MOGAD.
  • To evaluate the effectiveness of immunotherapy, particularly rituximab (RTX), in managing this combined condition.

Main Methods:

  • A prospective cohort study identified 10 patients with both NMDARE and MOGAD.
  • Clinical data, neuroimaging findings, and treatment outcomes were analyzed.
  • Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis and modified Rankin scale (mRS) scores were assessed.

Main Results:

  • Seven out of ten patients experienced recurrent disease courses.
  • Symptoms included encephalitis (53.8%), demyelination (23.1%), or both (23.1%).
  • MRI revealed lesions in various brain regions; RTX treatment significantly reduced the annualized recurrence rate (ARR) and led to favorable outcomes (mRS ≤ 2).

Conclusions:

  • The combination of NMDARE and MOGAD represents a distinct entity within autoantibody-mediated encephalitis.
  • Coexistence of NMDAR and MOG antibodies is associated with a high risk of recurrence.
  • Rituximab (RTX) demonstrates potential as an effective therapeutic option for this combined condition.
Keywords:
Anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) EncephalitisMRIMyelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)PrognosisRituximab

More Related Videos

Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein MOG35-55 Induced Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis EAE in C57BL/6 Mice08:03

Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein MOG35-55 Induced Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis EAE in C57BL/6 Mice

Published on: April 15, 2014

81.7K
A Simple Cell-based Immunofluorescence Assay to Detect Autoantibody Against the N-Methyl-D-Aspartate NMDA Receptor in Blood07:20

A Simple Cell-based Immunofluorescence Assay to Detect Autoantibody Against the N-Methyl-D-Aspartate NMDA Receptor in Blood

Published on: January 9, 2018

9.8K

Related Concept Videos

Aneurysm II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Studies01:21

Aneurysm II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Studies

Thoracic, aortic arch and abdominal aneurysms are significant vascular conditions that can present with various clinical manifestations and lead to serious complications. Understanding these manifestations and the appropriate diagnostic studies is essential for effective management and treatment.Thoracic Aortic AneurysmsThoracic aortic aneurysms often remain asymptomatic until they reach a size that impinges on adjacent structures. They typically cause deep, diffuse chest pain that radiates to...
592
Viral Meningitis01:18

Viral Meningitis

Viral meningitis is the most common form of meningitis and is often referred to as aseptic meningitis to indicate the absence of bacterial involvement. It is generally milder than bacterial meningitis, with symptoms including fever, headache, stiff neck, drowsiness, nausea, photophobia, and vomiting. Rarely, more severe manifestations or death may occur. Common causative agents include enteroviruses, particularly coxsackie A and B viruses and echoviruses, all members of the Enterovirus genus...
217
Arboviral Encephalitis01:25

Arboviral Encephalitis

Arboviral encephalitis refers to brain inflammation caused by arthropod-borne viruses, particularly those transmitted through mosquito vectors. Among these, West Nile virus (WNV), a member of the Flaviviridae family, is a significant public health concern. WNV is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus. Human infection typically begins when an infected mosquito introduces the virus into the dermis during feeding. The primary transmission cycle involves birds as amplifying hosts...
70
Bacterial Meningitis II: Pathophysiology01:26

Bacterial Meningitis II: Pathophysiology

Bacterial meningitis typically begins when pathogens such as Neisseria meningitidis and Streptococcus pneumoniae colonize the nasopharynx and invade the bloodstream. This process is facilitated by bacterial virulence factors, such as polysaccharide capsules, which resist phagocytosis and complement-mediated killing. Less commonly, bacteria reach the central nervous system via contiguous spread from infections like otitis media or sinusitis, through congenital or acquired dural defects, or...
45
Encephalitis l: Introduction01:19

Encephalitis l: Introduction

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma, most often due to infections or autoimmune processes. It presents with neuropsychiatric features such as fever, altered mental status, behavioral changes, cognitive dysfunction, seizures, focal deficits, and sometimes autonomic instability. In some cases, the meninges are also involved, resulting in meningoencephalitis.Infectious CausesInfectious encephalitis is most commonly viral but can also result from bacterial, fungal, or parasitic...
27
Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology01:26

Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma caused by direct viral invasion or immune-mediated mechanisms triggered by infections or tumors. Both processes lead to neuronal injury, disrupted neurotransmission, and diverse neurological symptoms, often with overlapping clinical and pathological features.Autoimmune EncephalitisIn autoimmune encephalitis, antibodies target neuronal antigens on cell surfaces, synapses, or within neurons. A key example is anti-NMDAR encephalitis, which can...
30