Public health implications of diagnosing and treating acute HIV

The earliest months of HIV infection are characterized by high viral loads and elevated transmissibility, particularly during the acute (preseroconversion) phase. Transmission prevention during early HIV requires diagnostic tools that narrow the window between viral acquisition and reactive test, followed by rapid linkage to effective antiretroviral therapy (ART). Here, we review recent advances related to diagnosing and treating persons during early HIV, with a particular focus on acute HIV infection (AHI).

Point-of-care (POC) fourth-generation antigen/antibody tests have mixed performance, often dependent on the pretest probability of early infection within the screened population. Risk score algorithms demonstrate the potential for prioritizing resource-intensive tests, such as POC HIV RNA, to those most likely to have AHI, but their predictive performance varies across populations, complicating implementation. Emerging and re-emerging infections, including SARS-CoV-2 and mpox, present opportunities for and challenges to symptom-driven AHI screening. Daily oral ART with standard first-line regimens quickly suppresses viremia during AHI, but long-acting injectable drugs are yet to be explored for this indication.

Few practice-changing results related to diagnosing or treating persons with early HIV have been released in the last 18 months. Accurate POC HIV RNA tests could leapfrog fourth-generation POC assays, but they remain unavailable for routine use. Implementation science approaches are needed to guide use of evidence-based strategies for early HIV screening, and additional research on same-day ART linkage, including injectable ART, could produce dramatic impacts on forward transmission during this period.