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Matrix stiffness induces heritable changes in chromosome numbers, consistent with solid tumor heterogeneity.

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    Solid tumor stiffness, caused by collagen-I, drives heritable DNA changes and mutations. This mechano-evolutionary process creates genetic diversity, complicating cancer therapies.

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    Area of Science:

    • Biophysics
    • Cancer Biology
    • Genetics

    Background:

    • Solid tumors exhibit abundant collagen-I, leading to tissue stiffening.
    • Tumorigenesis is characterized by chromosomal abnormalities, including losses and gains.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the link between 3D matrix stiffness and heritable changes in cellular DNA.
    • To understand how mechanical forces in solid tumors influence genetic instability and evolution.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilized live-cell chromosome reporters (ChReporters) and hydrogels with tunable stiffness.
    • Quantified mitotic compression, micronuclei counts, and ChReporter loss rates as functions of matrix stiffness.
    • Analyzed spheroid growth, cell division, and Myosin-II activity in 2D and 3D cultures.
    • Performed pan-cancer analyses of clinical data correlating collagen-I levels with genetic variations.

    Main Results:

    • Increased matrix stiffness correlated with higher rates of mitotic compression, micronuclei formation, and chromosome reporter loss.
    • Chromosome loss increased in 3D cultures upon Myosin-II suppression, clarifying its tumor suppressor role.
    • Pan-cancer data linked collagen-I levels and genetic variations to chromosome losses and gains.
    • Heritable mutations in cancer spheroids followed Luria-Delbruck theory predictions, exceeding Poisson statistics.

    Conclusions:

    • 3D matrix stiffness induces heritable DNA changes, driving the mechano-evolution of solid tumors.
    • Tumor stiffness promotes genetic heterogeneity through a Darwin-Lamarck process, posing therapeutic challenges.
    • Myosin-II acts as a tumor suppressor by mitigating chromosome loss in stiff 3D environments.