Cell confinement initiates a delayed but heritable loss of chromosomes

Heritable genetic changes continually arise in cancer, especially in solid tumors where cells are sometimes compressed. Rare heritable losses of chromosomes in live cells are quantified here with chromosome reporters (ChReporters), which reveal losses only after imposing a threshold level of confinement. Compression to ∼60% of interphase height ruptures few nuclei compared to deeper compression but perturbs mitotic spindles and prolongs pro/metaphase. Chromosome mis-segregation into micronuclei is discovered only after release from modest confinement, but arrest and death predominate. All such effects are phenocopied by nocodazole washout, which generates a "memory" of prolonged mitosis. The effects also differ from the rapid induction of micronuclei by a spindle-assembly checkpoint inhibitor and by a clinical CDK4/6 inhibitor of cell-cycle entry. Single-cell RNA sequencing confirms chromosome loss days after confinement and reveals dysregulation of chromosome-segregation pathways. Chromosome losses as mitotic memories of confinement ultimately address knowledge gaps in mechanobiology and cancer evolution.