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Related Concept Videos

Sublimation01:03

Sublimation

699
Sublimation is the direct transformation of a solid to a gaseous state. For instance, at standard pressure and room temperature, solid carbon dioxide sublimes to gaseous carbon dioxide. The phase diagram depicts the conditions required for sublimation. This process occurs at the solid-gas phase boundary and is not observed above the triple point of the substance. The reverse of sublimation is called deposition, where a gaseous substance condenses directly into a solid. Sublimation and...
699
Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition02:33

Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition

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Some solids can transition directly into the gaseous state, bypassing the liquid state, via a process known as sublimation. At room temperature and standard pressure, a piece of dry ice (solid CO2) sublimes, appearing to gradually disappear without ever forming any liquid. Snow and ice sublimate at temperatures below the melting point of water, a slow process that may be accelerated by winds and the reduced atmospheric pressures at high altitudes. When solid iodine is warmed, the solid sublimes...
16.7K
Recrystallization: Solid–Solution Equilibria01:10

Recrystallization: Solid–Solution Equilibria

1.0K
Recrystallization is a purification technique used to separate impurities from solid compounds. In this technique, no chemical reactions occur. Instead, it exploits physical properties only, specifically, the solubility differences between the desired compound and impurities, either at a single temperature or at different temperatures, and under other selected conditions. The solid-solution equilibrium (solubility equilibrium) of each component in the solution represents a binary phase...
1.0K
Washing, Drying, and Ignition of Precipitates00:52

Washing, Drying, and Ignition of Precipitates

842
After filtration, the precipitate is washed to remove coprecipitated impurities and any remaining mother liquor. Colloidal precipitates, such as silver chloride, are washed with an electrolyte (such as dilute nitric acid) to prevent the peptization of the precipitate. In the case of slightly soluble precipitates, the wash solution contains a common ion to reduce solubility. Lead sulfate, which is slightly soluble in water, is washed with dilute sulfuric acid. Similarly, wash solutions may be...
842
Molecular and Ionic Solids02:54

Molecular and Ionic Solids

16.8K
Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their interparticle interactions.
Molecular Solids
Molecular crystalline solids, such as ice, sucrose (table sugar), and iodine, are solids that are composed of neutral molecules as their constituent units. These molecules are held together by weak intermolecular forces such as London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions, or hydrogen bonds, which...
16.8K
Crystal Growth: Principles of Crystallization01:25

Crystal Growth: Principles of Crystallization

1.5K
Crystallization is a phase transformation process in which crystals are precipitated from a supersaturated solution or formed from other sources. During crystallization, atoms or molecules arrange themselves into a well-defined, rigid crystal lattice to minimize energy.
Initiating crystallization involves manipulating the concentration of the solute and the temperature of the solution. Since crystal growth occurs when the ratio of concentration and solubility of the solute in the solvent...
1.5K

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Updated: May 27, 2025

A Microfluidic Approach for the Study of Ice and Clathrate Hydrate Crystallization
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Ice Sintering by Sublimation and Condensation.

Menno Demmenie1,2, Sander Woutersen2, Daniel Bonn1

  • 1Institute of Physics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands.

The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters
|February 20, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Ice sintering primarily occurs via sublimation and condensation, driven by vapor-phase mass transfer. This research clarifies long-standing controversies surrounding ice sintering mechanisms under equilibrium conditions.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Physical Chemistry
  • Geophysics

Background:

  • The sintering behavior of ice has been debated for over 160 years.
  • Previous research faced confusion due to incorrect growth rate exponents, experimental challenges, and flawed comparisons with snow densification.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To clarify the primary mechanisms of mass transport during ice sintering under equilibrium conditions.
  • To resolve long-standing controversies regarding ice sintering behavior.

Main Methods:

  • Investigated ice sintering under controlled equilibrium conditions.
  • Analyzed mass transfer mechanisms, focusing on vapor phase transport.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated that ice sintering under equilibrium conditions proceeds mainly through sublimation and condensation.
  • Identified vapor-phase mass transfer, driven by neck curvature-induced volatility, as the key mechanism.
  • Findings align with the healing of micro-scale scratches in ice.

Conclusions:

  • Sublimation and condensation are the dominant processes in equilibrium ice sintering.
  • Vapor transport is the principal mode of mass transfer, resolving historical debate.
  • The study provides a clear understanding of ice sintering applicable to phenomena like scratch healing.