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Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:20

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The polymerization process that involves carbanion as an intermediate is called anionic polymerization. It is also a type of addition or chain-growth polymerization. Anionic polymerization gets initiated by a strong nucleophile such as an organolithium or a Grignard reagent. The most commonly used initiator for anionic polymerization is butyl lithium. Monomers involved in anionic polymerization must possess a vinyl group bonded to one or two electron-withdrawing groups. For instance,...
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Ring-opening metathesis polymerization or ROMP involves strained cycloalkenes as starting materials. The mechanism of ROMP proceeds by reacting cycloalkene with Grubbs catalyst to give metallacyclobutane intermediate which undergoes a ring-opening reaction to form new carbene. The new carbene reacts with another molecule of cycloalkene. Repetition of these steps leads to the formation of an unsaturated open-chain polymer product. All these steps are reversible, however, relieving the ring...
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Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism00:57

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The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the...
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Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism01:04

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

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The mechanism for anionic chain-growth polymerization involves initiation, propagation, and termination steps. In the initiation step, a nucleophilic anion, such as butyl lithium, initiates the polymerization process by attacking the π bond of the vinylic monomer. As a result, a carbanion, stabilized by the electron‐withdrawing group, is generated. The resulting carbanion acts as a Michael donor in the propagation step and attacks the second vinylic monomer, which acts as a Michael...
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Due to their highly strained structures, epoxides can readily undergo ring-opening reactions through nucleophilic substitution, either in the presence of an acid or a base. The nucleophilic substitution reactions in the presence of acid are called acid-catalyzed ring-opening reactions, and nucleophilic substitution reactions in the presence of a base are called base-catalyzed ring-opening reactions. Epoxides undergo base-catalyzed ring-opening reactions in the presence of a strong nucleophile...
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Acid-Catalyzed Ring-Opening of Epoxides02:24

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Epoxides that are three-membered ring systems are more reactive than other cyclic and acyclic ethers. The high reactivity of epoxides originates from the strain present in the ring. This ring strain acts as a driving force for epoxides to undergo ring-opening reactions either with halogen acids or weak nucleophiles in the presence of mild acid. The acid catalyst converts the epoxide oxygen, a poor leaving group, into an oxonium ion, a better leaving group, making the reaction feasible. The...
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Cationic-anionic synchronous ring-opening polymerization.

Wenli Wang1,2, Xue Liang2, Hengxu Liu2

  • 1Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Brain Functional Modulation, Clinical Research Center for Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-Like Intelligence, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200434, China.

Nature Communications
|February 22, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

We developed a novel one-pot polymerization method enabling simultaneous cationic and anionic ring-opening polymerization. This technique overcomes previous limitations, yielding advanced block copolymers with inherent antibacterial properties for biomaterial applications.

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Area of Science:

  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Organic Synthesis

Background:

  • Simultaneous polymerization of incompatible mechanisms (cationic and anionic) is challenging due to termination issues.
  • Synchronous cationic-anionic polymerization is particularly difficult because of potential chain-end coupling.
  • Bismuth salts can inhibit terminal couplings, offering a potential solution.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a new method for simultaneous cationic and anionic ring-opening polymerization (CAP).
  • To synthesize multifunctional polyoxazoline-block-polyester (POx-b-PCE) copolymers.
  • To investigate the self-assembly and antibacterial properties of the synthesized block copolymers.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized bismuth salts as initiators for sequential initiation and simultaneous propagation.
  • Employed cationic ring-opening polymerization (CROP) of 2-oxazolines (Ox) and anionic ring-opening polymerization (AROP) of cyclic esters (CE).
  • Synthesized a specific block copolymer (PAPOZ20-b-PCL5) using the CAP method.

Main Results:

  • Successfully demonstrated a one-pot CAP method for synthesizing POx-b-PCE copolymers.
  • The synthesized PAPOZ20-b-PCL5 block copolymer self-assembled into micellar aggregates.
  • These micelles exhibited significant intrinsic antibacterial activity without added antibiotics.

Conclusions:

  • The developed CAP method effectively overcomes challenges in simultaneous incompatible polymerizations.
  • This approach provides a versatile route for creating multi-component copolymers.
  • The resulting block copolymers show promise as novel biomaterials with inherent antibacterial functions.