Personalized medicine in oral cancer

Precision medicine, also known as personalised medicine, removes the limitations of "one-size-fits-all" treatment by combining genetic data with phenotypic and environmental factors to create the treatment protocols that are unique and specific for each patient. Cancer genome sequencing has made precision therapy a dream come true in this particular area. Possessing benefits of individual genetic testing over restricted generalised application of established results of NGS (Next-Generation Sequencing) for understanding pathogenetic mechanism represents a significant advancement in personalised medicine. Proteomics and RNA studies, tumour and cell-free DNA profiling using NGS, as well as a deeper comprehension of immune systems all act as contributing factors for providing better cancer treatment options. The emergence of personalised medicine is not only providing a cost- effective alternative but also promises to enhance patient survival which in turn is being facilitated by rapidly developing technologies that enable us to characterise the specific and individual molecular "nature" of a tumour. The currently available in vitro and in vivo models may be further improved by cancer organoids, which can also help us understand cancer stem cell resistance and create new cancer therapies by better cancer stem cell targeting. In this review, we examine the literature on the current function of cancer organoids in assessing therapy responses and contrast them with more conventional laboratory models like cell lines and xenografts. Therefore, this present review provides a detailed description of the current technologies as well as the limitations and future trends for the same.