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Related Concept Videos

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps01:23

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

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The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the...
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Ribosome Profiling02:24

Ribosome Profiling

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Ribosome profiling or ribo-sequencing is a deep sequencing technique that produces a snapshot of active translation in a cell. It selectively sequences the mRNAs protected by ribosomes to get an insight into a cell’s translation landscape at any given point in time.
Applications of ribosome profiling
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What is Gene Expression?01:36

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A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is comprised  of nucleotides and proteins are comprised of amino acids, a mediator is required to convert the information encoded in DNA into proteins. This mediator is the messenger RNA (mRNA). mRNA copies the blueprint from DNA by a process called transcription. In eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the nucleus by complementary base-pairing with the DNA template. The mRNA is then...
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Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

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Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
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Transcription Attenuation in Prokaryotes02:42

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Transcriptional attenuation occurs when RNA transcription is prematurely terminated due to the formation of a terminator mRNA hairpin structure.  Bacteria use these hairpins to regulate the transcription process and control the synthesis of several amino acids including histidine, lysine, threonine, and phenylalanine. Transcription attenuation takes place in the non-coding regions of mRNA.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 26, 2025

Real-time Analysis of Transcription Factor Binding, Transcription, Translation, and Turnover to Display Global Events During Cellular Activation
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Characterization of transcriptomic changes across Coccidioides morphologies using RiboMarker®-enhanced RNA

Jonathan M Howard, Aidan C Manning, Rachel C Clark

    Biorxiv : the Preprint Server for Biology
    |February 24, 2025
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    This study reveals novel small RNA profiles in Coccidioides posadasii, the fungus causing Valley fever. These findings offer insights into fungal life stage transitions and potential host-pathogen communication mechanisms.

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    Area of Science:

    • Mycology
    • Molecular Biology
    • Pathogenomics

    Background:

    • Coccidioides fungi cause Valley fever, a significant mammalian disease.
    • Previous research focused on transcriptomes, neglecting small RNA roles in Coccidioides pathogenesis.
    • Small RNAs are critical in fungal host-pathogen interactions, influencing virulence.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To analyze small RNA expression across Coccidioides posadasii morphologies (arthroconidia, mycelia, spherules).
    • To investigate intracellular and extracellular small RNA profiles during life stage transitions.
    • To identify novel genes and loci involved in Coccidioides saprobic and parasitic cycles.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilized RiboMarker® for small RNA and RNA fragment library preparation.
    • Analyzed small RNA expression across arthroconidia, mycelia, and spherule morphologies.
    • Examined both intracellular and extracellular RNA fractions.

    Main Results:

    • Observed transcriptomic shifts involving protein-coding, tRNA, and unannotated loci during morphological transitions.
    • Identified unique RNA fragmentation patterns correlating with Coccidioides ecotypes.
    • Detected extracellular export of snRNA, tRNA-derived fragments, and mRNA transcripts.

    Conclusions:

    • Small RNA profiles provide crucial insights into Coccidioides life stage transitions.
    • RNA fragmentation patterns may serve as ecotype-specific markers.
    • Extracellular RNA export suggests roles in cell-cell and host-pathogen communication, potentially aiding biomarker discovery for Valley fever.