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Dual Translational Control in Cardiomyocytes by Heterogeneous mTORC1 and Hypertrophic ERK Activation
Keita Uchida1, Emily A Scarborough1, Benjamin L Prosser1
1Department of Physiology, Pennsylvania Muscle Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
Insights
Cardiac hypertrophy involves heterogeneous protein synthesis regulated by mTORC1. A novel MEK-ERK pathway also controls translation during cardiac growth, challenging existing models.
Area of Science:
- Cardiovascular Biology
- Molecular Cell Biology
- Translational Regulation
Background:
- Cardiac hypertrophy is a response to increased hemodynamic load but can lead to adverse outcomes.
- The translational control mechanisms driving cardiac hypertrophy remain poorly understood.
- This study investigates the roles of various translational control mechanisms during cardiac homeostasis and hypertrophy.
Purpose of the Study:
- To elucidate the relative contributions of translational control mechanisms in cardiomyocytes.
- To understand how these mechanisms adapt during hypertrophic growth.
- To identify key regulators of protein synthesis in cardiac adaptation.
Main Methods:
- Utilized immunofluorescence and single myocyte protein synthesis assays.
- Examined translational control in isolated adult rat cardiomyocytes under basal and hypertrophic conditions.
- Investigated mechanisms in a mouse model of phenylephrine-induced cardiac hypertrophy.
Main Results:
- Observed heterogeneous mechanistic Target of Rapamycin Complex 1 (mTORC1) activity and protein synthesis in cardiomyocytes.
- Baseline translation is primarily regulated by mTORC1-dependent 4EBP1 phosphorylation.
- Phenylephrine stimulation increased mTORC1 activity and shifted 4EBP1 phosphorylation patterns, involving a novel MEK-ERK-dependent pathway.
Conclusions:
- Protein synthesis in cardiomyocytes is heterogeneous, driven by variations in mTORC1 activity.
- MEK-ERK signaling directly influences 4EBP1 phosphorylation, augmenting translation during cardiac hypertrophy.
- Findings challenge the canonical model of translation initiation in the context of cardiac adaptation.
Background:
Cardiac hypertrophy allows post-mitotic cardiomyocytes to meet increased hemodynamic demands but can predispose the heart to adverse clinical outcomes. Despite its central role in cardiac adaptation, the translational control mechanisms that drive cardiac hypertrophy are poorly understood. In this study, we elucidate the relative contributions of the various translational control mechanisms operant during homeostasis and hypertrophic growth.
Methods:
A combination of immunofluorescence and single myocyte protein synthesis assays were used to dissect the single-cardiomyocyte mechanisms of translational control under basal and hypertrophic conditions in isolated adult rat cardiomyocytes. Translational control mechanism were examined in a mouse model of acute hypertrophic phenylephrine (PE) stimulation prior to overt cardiac growth.
Results:
We observed strikingly heterogeneous activity of mTORC1, the master regulator of translation, across cardiomyocytes both in situ and ex vivo. Heterogeneous mTORC1 activity drove heterogeneous protein synthesis, with translation primarily controlled via canonical mTORC1-dependent 4EBP1 phosphorylation at Thr36/Thr45/Thr69 under baseline conditions. Hypertrophic PE stimulation recruited more cardiomyocytes into a high mTORC1 activity state. PE induced a switch in 4EBP1 phosphorylation by increasing mTORC1-dependent phosphorylation at Thr36/Thr45, but not Thr69. Further, PE induced a novel mTORC1-independent, but MEK-ERK-dependent, pathway driving 4EBP1 phosphorylation at Ser64 in both isolated cardiomyocytes and in vivo. Ribosome biogenesis was also observed within hours upon hypertrophic stimulation, while the mTORC1-S6K-eEF2K-eEF2 pathway was not found to be a major driver of protein translation.
Conclusions:
Protein synthesis is heterogeneous across cardiomyocytes driven by heterogeneous mTORC1 activity. MEK-ERK signaling directly controls 4EBP1 phosphorylation to augment translation during cardiac hypertrophy and challenges the canonical model of translation initiation.
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