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Related Concept Videos

Colloids03:22

Colloids

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Children at play often make suspensions such as mixtures of mud and water, flour and water, or a suspension of solid pigments in water known as tempera paint. These suspensions are heterogeneous mixtures composed of relatively large particles that are visible to the naked eye or can be seen with a magnifying glass. They are cloudy, and the suspended particles settle out after mixing. On the other hand, a solution is a homogeneous mixture in which no settling occurs and in which the dissolved...
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Children at play often make suspensions such as mixtures of mud and water, flour and water, or a suspension of solid pigments in water known as tempera paint. These suspensions are heterogeneous mixtures composed of relatively large particles visible to the naked eye or seen with a magnifying glass. They are cloudy, and the suspended particles settle out after mixing. The suspended particles in a suspension settle out after some time of mixing. The separation of particles from a suspension is...
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The high insolubility of some precipitates can result in an unfavorable relative supersaturation. This can lead to colloidal particles with a large surface-to-mass ratio, where adsorption is promoted. For instance, in the precipitation of silver chloride, silver ions are adsorbed on the surface of the colloidal particles, forming a primary layer. This layer attracts ions of opposite charge (such as nitrate ions), forming a diffuse secondary layer of adsorbed ions. This electric double layer...
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Coagulation01:06

Coagulation

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Colloidal solids are solid particles suspended in solution. They are usually negatively charged, attracting a compact primary layer of positively charged ions, which attract more counterions to form an electrical double layer. Electrostatic repulsion between the charged double layers prevents the particles from colliding, stabilizing the colloids. These solids are often undesirable because they can contain toxins that are difficult to remove. Coagulation is a technique that helps aggregate and...
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First Law: Particles in One-dimensional Equilibrium01:10

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Newton's first law of motion states that a body at rest remains at rest, or if in motion, remains in motion at constant velocity, unless acted on by a net external force. It also states that there must be a cause for any change in velocity (a change in either magnitude or direction) to occur. This cause is a net external force. For example, consider what happens to an object sliding along a rough horizontal surface. The object quickly grinds to a halt, due to the net force of friction. If...
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First Law: Particles in Two-dimensional Equilibrium01:18

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Recall that a particle in equilibrium is one for which the external forces are balanced. Static equilibrium involves objects at rest, and dynamic equilibrium involves objects in motion without acceleration; but it is important to remember that these conditions are relative. For instance, an object may be at rest when viewed from one frame of reference, but that same object would appear to be in motion when viewed by someone moving at a constant velocity.
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Precisely controlled colloids: a playground for path-wise non-equilibrium physics.

Cai Dieball1, Yasamin Mohebi Satalsari2, Angel B Zuccolotto-Bernez2

  • 1Mathematical bioPhysics Group, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, 37077 Göttingen, Germany. agodec@mpinat.mpg.de.

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Summary

This study uses path-wise observables to analyze transport in driven colloids, revealing detailed kinetics and transition-path times out of equilibrium. These methods enhance experimental data quality and verify theoretical predictions.

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Area of Science:

  • Physics
  • Physical Chemistry
  • Soft Matter Physics

Background:

  • Driven colloidal systems in periodic fields exhibit complex non-equilibrium dynamics.
  • Traditional ensemble-averaged observables may obscure intricate path-dependent behaviors.
  • Understanding transport properties out of thermodynamic equilibrium is crucial for statistical physics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate path-wise observables for dissecting transport features in driven colloids.
  • To analyze kinetics and transition-path time statistics beyond thermodynamic equilibrium.
  • To demonstrate the utility of path-wise observables for assessing experimental data and verifying theories.

Main Methods:

  • Experimental investigation of driven colloids in a periodic light field.
  • Formulation and comparison of two distinct stochastic equations of motion.
  • Analysis of local velocities and one- and two-sided first-passage time statistics.
  • Interrogation of transition-path time statistics in and out of equilibrium.

Main Results:

  • Path-wise observables provide a detailed view of individual particle trajectories.
  • Two equivalent formulations of the stochastic equation of motion were presented and related.
  • Conceptual differences in local velocities were discussed.
  • Non-equilibrium first-passage and transition-path time statistics were interrogated.

Conclusions:

  • Path-wise observables are effective for systematically assessing experimental data quality.
  • Sufficient experimental control and sampling allow quantitative verification of subtle theoretical predictions.
  • This approach offers deeper insights into non-equilibrium statistical mechanics of driven systems.