Recent advances in microneedles for enhanced functional angiogenesis and vascular drug delivery

Many therapeutic applications use the transdermal method to avoid the severe restrictions associated with oral medication delivery. Given the limitations of traditional drug delivery via skin, transdermal microneedle (MN) arrays have been reported to be versatile and very efficient devices due to their outstanding characteristics such as painless penetration, affordability, excellent medicinal efficacy, and relative safety. MNs have recently received increased attention for their ability to cure vascular illnesses such as hypertension and thrombosis, as well as promote wound healing via the angiogenesis impact. The integrant of method manufacturing and biodegradable material allows for the modification of MN form and drug release pattern, hence increasing the flexibility of such drug delivery. In this review, we focused on recent improvements in MN-mediated transdermal administration of protein and peptide medicines for improved functional angiogenesis and vascular therapy. We also provide an overview of the present applications of MNs-mediated transdermal protein and peptide administration, particularly in the realm of vascular system disease therapy. Finally, the current state of clinical translation and a forecast for future progress are provided.