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Somatosensation

Somatosensation

The somatosensory system relays sensory information from the skin, mucous membranes, limbs, and joints. Somatosensation is more familiarly known as the sense of touch. A typical somatosensory pathway includes three types of long neurons: primary, secondary, and tertiary. Primary neurons have cell bodies located near the spinal cord in groups of neurons called dorsal root ganglia. The sensory neurons of ganglia innervate designated areas of skin called dermatomes.

Sensory Perception: Organization of the Somatosensory System

Sensory Perception: Organization of the Somatosensory System

The somatosensory system is the central and peripheral nervous system component that senses and processes touch, pressure, pain, temperature, and body position or proprioception. The process of sensation takes place at three levels:
The receptor level:
The receptor level is the first stage of sensation. It involves the detection of a stimulus by specialized sensory receptors. The stimulus must arrive within the receptor's receptive field. Next, the receptor converts the energy of the...

Visual System

Visual System

Light enters the eye through the cornea, a transparent, dome-shaped surface covering the surface of the eyeball that helps to direct and focus incoming light. This light is then channeled toward the pupil, an adjustable opening whose size is controlled by the iris. The iris, a pigmented muscle, regulates the amount of light entering the eye by contracting or dilating the pupil, thereby ensuring optimal light levels for clear vision.
Once through the pupil, the light passes through the lens, a...

Synesthesia

Synesthesia

Synesthesia is a remarkable condition where stimulation of one sensory or cognitive pathway leads to automatic, involuntary experiences in a second sensory or cognitive pathway. People with synesthesia experience a blending or crossing of their senses, such as sight and sound, leading to cross-modal sensations. In this condition, the stimulation of one sense, such as hearing a number or musical note, triggers an experience of another sense, like sensing a specific color, taste, or smell. People...

Parallel Processing

Parallel Processing

The brain processes sensory information rapidly due to parallel processing, which involves sending data across multiple neural pathways at the same time. This method allows the brain to manage various sensory qualities, such as shapes, colors, movements, and locations, all concurrently. For instance, when observing a forest landscape, the brain simultaneously processes the movement of leaves, the shapes of trees, the depth between them, and the various shades of green. This enables a quick and...

What is a Sensory System?

What is a Sensory System?

Sensory systems detect stimuli—such as light and sound waves—and transduce them into neural signals that can be interpreted by the nervous system. In addition to external stimuli detected by the senses, some sensory systems detect internal stimuli—such as the proprioceptors in muscles and tendons that send feedback about limb position.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 26, 2025

Applying Incongruent Visual-Tactile Stimuli during Object Transfer with Vibro-Tactile Feedback

Applying Incongruent Visual-Tactile Stimuli during Object Transfer with Vibro-Tactile Feedback

Published on: May 23, 2019

In-Sensor Computing with Visual-Tactile Perception Enabled by Mechano-Optical Artificial Synapse.

Jiaxing Guo¹, Feng Guo², Huijun Zhao¹

¹Institute of Modern Optics and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Micro-Scale Optical Information Science and Technology, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China.

Advanced Materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)

|February 25, 2025

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed an artificial mechano-optical synapse for in-sensor computing, enabling visual-tactile perception. This breakthrough achieves high accuracy in pattern recognition and material identification for robotics.

Keywords:

In‐sensor computing Mechanoluminescence Mechano‐optical artificial synapse Photostimulated luminescence Visual‐tactile perception

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Last Updated: May 26, 2025

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Published on: May 23, 2019

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Published on: February 25, 2020

Area of Science:

Materials Science
Robotics
Neuroscience

Background:

The pursuit of humanoid robotics necessitates advanced sensory and recognition capabilities.
In-sensor computing offers a pathway to rapid, low-power signal processing.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop an artificial mechano-optical synapse for in-sensor dynamic computing.
To achieve crossmodal visual-tactile perception for enhanced robotic capabilities.

Main Methods:

Utilized mechanoluminescence (ML) material for direct mechanical-to-light signal conversion.
Employed a photostimulated luminescence (PSL) layer for in-memory computing and photon reservoir functions.
Investigated individual and synergistic plasticity under force and light stimuli.

Main Results:

Demonstrated paired-pulse facilitation, learning behavior, and short-term/long-term memory.
Achieved 92.5% accuracy in handwritten pattern recognition using a tablet-based system.
Reached 98.6% accuracy in material identification via visual-tactile sensing.

Conclusions:

The ML-PSL approach enables circuit-free, remote, and accessible in-sensor computing.
This work presents a promising strategy for in-sensor computing systems with crossmodal integration.
The developed artificial synapse advances capabilities for humanoid robotics and sensory recognition.