Thyroidectomy and Its Complications: A Comprehensive Analysis

Background/Objectives: This study aims to assess the rate of complications in patients who underwent thyroid surgery and were monitored post-operatively to explore potential correlations between various parameters that may aid in clinical decision making. Methods: An observational retrospective study was conducted on patients who underwent thyroid surgery and were followed up in our Endocrinology Unit. Patients were selected based on strict criteria. The following data were collected: sex; age; type of thyroid disease; pre-operative symptoms due to thyroid pathology; surgical procedures; post-operative complications; histopathological diagnosis; and post-operative blood levels of TSH, PTH, vitamin D, and calcium. Results: Among 340 patients, 25.29% had benign thyroid disease. Total thyroidectomy was performed in 89.4% of cases. Recurrent laryngeal nerve injury was found in 32 patients. Hypocalcemia occurred in 14 patients within 24 h post-operatively. Histopathological examination identified incidental parathyroid tissue in 5.88% of thyroidectomy specimens. Post-operative hypoparathyroidism was observed in 26 patients, and vitamin D deficiency in 68 patients. Conclusions: The study demonstrated that thyroid surgery is quite a safe procedure; however, complications may occur. A statistically significant correlation was found between the type of surgery and the risk of vocal fold palsy, without correlation with the type of thyroid disease. A thorough pre-operative evaluation by a multidisciplinary team may help reduce the risk of post-operative complications. Despite the extensive knowledge of thyroid surgery, small refinements may further improve surgical outcomes.