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Acute Pyelonephritis I: Introduction

Acute Pyelonephritis I: Introduction

Pyelonephritis is a bacterial infection that primarily affects the renal parenchyma and collecting system, including the renal pelvis, tubules, and interstitial tissue of one or both kidneys. It can be classified as either acute—a sudden, severe infection—or chronic, which refers to long-term or recurrent kidney infections.The primary cause of acute pyelonephritis (APN) is bacterial infection, with Escherichia coli accounting for approximately 70-80% of cases. Other bacteria, such as Proteus,...

Acute Pyelonephritis II: Diagnostic Studies and Management

Acute Pyelonephritis II: Diagnostic Studies and Management

Introduction:For diagnosing acute pyelonephritis, a comprehensive patient history is collected to identify symptoms such as dysuria, frequent or urgent urination, flank pain, or costovertebral angle (CVA) tenderness that may suggest a kidney infection.Physical ExaminationDuring the physical examination, CVA tenderness is assessed. This involves gentle percussion over the costovertebral angle, where tenderness often indicates a kidney infection.Diagnostic TestsUrinalysis: Used to identify white...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 28, 2026

Isolation and Characterization of Neutrophils with Anti-Tumor Properties

Isolation and Characterization of Neutrophils with Anti-Tumor Properties

Published on: June 19, 2015

Secondary Neutropenias.

Alister C Ward^1,2

¹School of Medicine, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, VIC 3216, Australia.

|February 26, 2025

Summary

Neutropenia, a reduction in neutrophil counts, increases infection risk. This review covers secondary causes like cancer and drugs, their effects on neutrophil production, and management strategies.

Keywords:

cancer chemotherapy infection neutropenia neutrophil

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Last Updated: Jun 28, 2026

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Area of Science:

Immunology
Hematology

Background:

Neutrophils are vital immune cells, crucial for fighting bacterial infections, inflammation, and tissue repair.
Neutropenia, characterized by low neutrophil counts, significantly elevates the risk of severe infections, often with subtle symptoms.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the biological and clinical aspects of secondary neutropenias.
To detail the diverse causes, underlying mechanisms, and management of secondary neutropenias.
To discuss emerging and alternative therapeutic strategies for neutropenia.

Main Methods:

Literature review of primary and secondary neutropenias.
Analysis of causes including cancers, medications, autoimmune diseases, infections, and nutrient deficiencies.
Examination of impacts on neutrophil production and destruction.

Main Results:

Secondary neutropenias stem from various non-genetic factors, including cancer treatments and autoimmune conditions.
These conditions impair neutrophil production in bone marrow or increase neutrophil destruction.
Management involves addressing the underlying cause and considering novel therapies.

Conclusions:

Secondary neutropenias are common and arise from diverse etiologies impacting neutrophil homeostasis.
Effective management requires identifying and treating the root cause, alongside supportive care.
Emerging therapies offer new hope for patients with challenging neutropenia cases.