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Muscles for Facial Expressions01:14

Muscles for Facial Expressions

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The craniofacial muscles are a collection of approximately 20 thin skeletal muscles situated beneath the skin of the face and scalp. These muscles, primarily responsible for the vast array of human facial expressions, originate from the bones or fibrous structures of the skull and extend outwards to connect with the skin. While most skeletal muscles in the body are enveloped in thick fascia, facial muscles generally have a more delicate fascial covering, with the buccinator muscle being a...
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A thorough assessment of respiratory health is paramount in clinical settings to identify and manage respiratory distress and ensure adequate oxygenation. This article elaborates on the critical aspects of respiratory evaluation, including airway assessment, skin color examination, and the observation of accessory muscle use, which are integral to effectively diagnosing and managing patients with respiratory conditions.
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Muscles of the Anterior Neck01:26

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The anterior neck muscles are the group of muscles covering the front part of the neck. These muscles are classified into three subgroups. The first one is the superficial muscles, the most visible muscles in the front of the neck. It includes the platysma and sternocleidomastoid. The second group is the suprahyoid muscles, located above the hyoid bone. This group comprises the digastric, mylohyoid, geniohyoid, and stylohyoid. Lastly, the infrahyoid muscles are found below the hyoid bone and...
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The nose is composed of an observable exterior segment (external nose) and an internal segment within the skull known as the nasal cavity (internal nose). The external nose, visible on the face, consists of a framework of bone and hyaline cartilage enveloped in skin and muscle and lined with a mucous membrane. This structure is supported by the frontal bone, nasal bones, and maxillary bone and is supplemented by a cartilaginous framework comprising the septal nasal cartilage, lateral nasal...
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Prosopagnosia01:24

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Prosopagnosia, also known as face blindness, is the inability to recognize faces. In severe cases, individuals with prosopagnosia may not recognize close family members, including parents and spouses, by their faces. For instance, someone with prosopagnosia might walk past their child in a crowd, only realizing their mistake upon noticing their child's distinctive backpack or favorite jacket. Prosopagnosia specifically impairs facial recognition, while the recognition of other objects or...
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Sutures of the Skull01:22

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The human skull is composed of several bones that come together to protect the brain and support the structures of the face. The junctions where these bones meet are called sutures.
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Three-Dimensional Morphometric Trajectories Following Lip Lift With or Without Fat Grafting in Facial Feminization Patients.

Aesthetic surgery journal. Open forum·2026
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Prescription Drug Exposures During Pregnancy and Risk of Nonsyndromic Craniosynostosis.

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Endoscopic Septoplasty with Limited Two-line Resection: Minimally Invasive Surgery for Septal Deviation
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Finesse in Gender Affirming Frontal Contouring With Corrugator Resection.

Kevin G Hu, Jacqueline Ihnat, Neil Parikh

    Aesthetic Surgery Journal. Open Forum
    |February 26, 2025
    PubMed
    Summary

    Corrugator muscle resection is a safe and effective addition to facial feminization surgery (FFS) for transgender women. This technique enhances forehead feminization without complications, leading to high patient satisfaction.

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    Area of Science:

    • Plastic Surgery
    • Facial Feminization Surgery
    • Aesthetic Surgery

    Background:

    • Forehead aesthetics significantly impact facial gender identification.
    • Frontal sinus setback and brow contouring are common in facial feminization surgery (FFS).

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To present a safe and reliable technique for corrugator muscle resection during FFS.
    • To evaluate the efficacy and safety of corrugator resection for enhanced forehead feminization.

    Main Methods:

    • Corrugator muscle resection was performed on 12 transgender female patients (ages 27-58) during FFS.
    • The technique involved dissecting the corrugator muscle from the forehead flap, preserving the supraorbital nerve.
    • Outcomes assessed included patient satisfaction, complications, and nerve function at follow-up.

    Main Results:

    • All patients demonstrated improved forehead feminization.
    • No intraoperative or postoperative complications were reported.
    • No patients experienced anesthesia or hypoesthesia related to the supraorbital nerve at 6 months.
    • High patient satisfaction with FFS outcomes was reported.

    Conclusions:

    • Corrugator muscle resection is a safe, rapid, and effective technique to enhance forehead feminization during FFS.
    • This procedure complements frontal sinus setback and brow contouring, improving aesthetic results.
    • The technique offers significant feminizing benefits with minimal risk.