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Related Experiment Video

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Registered Bioimaging of Nanomaterials for Diagnostic and Therapeutic Monitoring
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Real-time radiation beam imaging on an MR linear accelerator using quantitative T1 mapping.

Brandon T T Tran1,2, Liam S P Lawrence1,2, Shawn Binda3

  • 1Physical Sciences Platform, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada.

Medical Physics
|February 27, 2025
PubMed
Summary

This study demonstrates real-time MRI visualization of radiation delivery using T1 mapping. Findings show radiochemical oxygen depletion partially explains MRI signal changes, suggesting potential for improved radiation dosimetry.

Keywords:
MR‐LinacQuantitative MRIRadiotherapy

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Area of Science:

  • Medical Physics
  • Radiotherapy
  • Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Background:

  • Direct 3D imaging of radiation beams can improve radiation dosimetry accuracy.
  • T1-weighted MRI intensity changes during radiation, linked to radiochemical oxygen depletion, have been observed.
  • Quantitative T1 mapping offers enhanced sensitivity for dosimetry applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To visualize radiation delivery in real-time using an MR-Linac by observing dose-induced changes in water's spin-lattice relaxation time (T1).
  • To quantify the relationships between radiation dose, spin-lattice relaxation rates (R1), and dissolved oxygen concentration.
  • To investigate the underlying mechanisms of T1 changes during radiation exposure.

Main Methods:

  • Irradiation and imaging of ultrapure water and 1% agarose gel phantoms using a 1.5 T Elekta Unity MR-Linac.
  • Acquisition of images before, during, and after radiation using a dual-echo Look-Locker sequence for simultaneous dynamic T1/B0 mapping.
  • Measurement of R1 change with dose (ΔR1/ΔDose), radiochemical oxygen depletion (ROD), and oxygen relaxivity (r1,O2).

Main Results:

  • R1 changes correlated spatiotemporally with delivered radiation dose and persisted for over an hour post-irradiation.
  • In water, ΔR1/ΔDose was -1.0 × 10⁻⁴ s⁻¹/Gy, r1,O2 was 5.4 × 10⁻³ s⁻¹/(mg/L), and ROD was -0.010 (mg/L)/Gy.
  • Radiochemical oxygen depletion alone under-predicted the observed MRI effect; minimum detectable dose was 11.1 Gy.

Conclusions:

  • Quantitative T1 mapping successfully imaged radiation dose patterns in real-time in water and agarose gel.
  • Radiochemical oxygen depletion accounts for only part of the measured T1 changes.
  • Agarose gel can serve as a phantom for 3D patient-specific quality assurance; future applications may include in vivo dosimetry for FLASH radiotherapy.