Assessing the relationship between serum vitamin A, C, E, D, and B12 levels and preeclampsia

Micronutrients play an important role in maintaining physiological functions while preventing complications associated with pregnancy. The main aim of this study was to evaluate the possible associations between vitamins A, C, D, E, B12, and preeclampsia using a retrospective analytical approach.

This retrospective study enrolled pregnant women who attended routine antenatal checkups between January 2021 and January 2023 at the Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University. One thousand pregnant women aged 18-50 years whose serum vitamin assessments were conducted during 12-20 weeks of gestation were enrolled. Inclusion criteria: women with preeclampsia, singleton pregnancies, and no previous history of hypertension or preeclampsia. Exclusion criteria: metabolic disorders, multiple pregnancies, and other specified exclusions. Approval of the hospital's ethics committee; all participants gave written informed consent. Demographic data analyzed include age, BMI, and gestational age, showing no significant differences in age span between groups (p > .05).

In the preeclampsia group, the serum level of vitamin A stands at 1.08 ± 0.29 μmol/L, which is lower than the control group of 1.13 ± 0.31 μmol/L (p < .05). Mean serum levels of vitamin C in preeclampsia are 51.81 ± 13.15 μmol/L, which was lower than in the control group, where it was 59.67 ± 16.40 μmol/L (p < .05). The mean serum vitamin B12 level in preeclampsia is 158.28 ± 46.77 pmol/L, lower than the 165.61 ± 40.99 pmol in the control group (p < .05). The two groups had no significant difference in serum vitamin E and vitamin D levels (p > .05).

Serum vitamins A, C, and B12 at 12 to 20 weeks of pregnancy might be important predisposing factors for preeclampsia. They can be used as indicators of preeclampsia severity and offer clinical detection even before the patient presents with symptoms.