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The Parathyroid Glands00:59

The Parathyroid Glands

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The two pairs of parathyroid glands embedded within the posterior surface of the thyroid gland are restricted by a dense capsule around them. These glands comprise two distinct cell populations—parathyroid oxyphil and parathyroid principal cells- pivotal in calcium homeostasis.
Oxyphil cells, whose functions remain elusive, emerge during late puberty, adding a layer of complexity to the parathyroid gland's intricacies. In contrast, principal parathyroid cells undertake a vital role by...
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Hormones and Bone Tissue01:17

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The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
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Calcium is not only the most abundant mineral in bone but also the most abundant mineral in the human body. Calcium ions are needed for bone mineralization, tooth health, heart rate regulation and strength of contraction, blood coagulation, the contraction of smooth and skeletal muscle cells, and the regulation of nerve impulse conduction. The average calcium level in the blood is about 10 mg/dL. When the body cannot maintain this level, a person will experience hypo or hypercalcemia.
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Pathophysiology of Diabetes01:20

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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. The four categories of diabetes are type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, other specific types of diabetes, and gestational diabetes.
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Calcitonin, a vital polypeptide hormone, regulates calcium levels within body fluids. It is released by the parafollicular cells, also known as C cells, situated in the follicular epithelium of the thyroid gland. Calcitonin responds to fluctuations in blood calcium levels and the influence of gastrointestinal hormones like gastrin and cholecystokinin.
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Calcium and phosphate are essential electrolytes in the human body, with calcium being the most abundant mineral. Around 99% of the body's calcium is stored in the skeleton and teeth, forming a crystal lattice of mineral salts in combination with phosphates. Calcium plays crucial roles in various bodily functions such as blood clotting, neurotransmitter release, muscle tone maintenance, and nervous and muscle tissue excitability.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 24, 2025

Generation of Hypoparathyroid Rats via Carbon-Nanoparticle-Assisted Parathyroidectomy
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Pregnancy with primary hyperparathyroidism.

Rimesh Pal1, Soham Mukherjee1, Trupti N Prasad2

  • 1Department of Endocrinology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh 160012, India.

Best Practice & Research. Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
|March 1, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) in pregnancy is rare and challenging to diagnose due to masking symptoms. Prompt diagnosis and management of PHPT are crucial to prevent serious maternal and fetal complications.

Keywords:
gestational primary hyperparathyroidismpregnancyprimary hyperparathyroidism

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Obstetrics & Gynecology
  • Surgical Oncology

Background:

  • Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) during pregnancy is uncommon.
  • Physiological changes in pregnancy can mask PHPT symptoms, complicating diagnosis.
  • Undiagnosed PHPT poses risks for significant feto-maternal morbidity, linked to maternal serum calcium levels.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To outline diagnostic and management strategies for PHPT in pregnant patients.
  • To highlight the importance of timely intervention to mitigate maternal and fetal risks.

Main Methods:

  • Diagnosis relies on identifying parathyroid hormone-dependent hypercalcemia.
  • Ultrasonography is recommended for localizing parathyroid lesions.
  • Imaging modalities with ionizing radiation should be avoided.

Main Results:

  • Maternal serum calcium levels above 11.4 mg/dL correlate with increased feto-maternal complications.
  • Parathyroid surgery, ideally in the second trimester, is a treatment option.
  • Medical management includes hydration and calcium-lowering drugs.

Conclusions:

  • PHPT in pregnancy requires careful diagnosis and management tailored to individual circumstances.
  • Treatment strategies should consider gestational age, hypercalcemia severity, and maternal-fetal risks.
  • A multidisciplinary approach involving endocrinologists, obstetricians, and surgeons is essential.