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Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation02:13

Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

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Alkenes undergo reduction by the addition of molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. Because the process generally occurs in the presence of a transition-metal catalyst, the reaction is called catalytic hydrogenation.
Metals like palladium, platinum, and nickel are commonly used in their solid forms — fine powder on an inert surface. As these catalysts remain insoluble in the reaction mixture, they are referred to as heterogeneous catalysts.
The hydrogenation process takes place on the...
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Reactivity of Enolate Ions01:23

Reactivity of Enolate Ions

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Enolate ions are formed by the acid–base reaction of a carbonyl compound with a base. This leads to deprotonation of the α hydrogen atom, leading to a resonance-stabilized enolate ion where one of the contributing structures is an oxyanion, which imparts additional stability. Therefore, the proton on the α carbon is more acidic in nature than that of other sp3-hybridized C–H bonds but less acidic than those in O–H bonds where the negative charge in the conjugate...
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Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation02:17

Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation

3.2K
Catalytic hydrogenation of alkenes is a transition-metal catalyzed reduction of the double bond using molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. The mode of hydrogen addition follows syn stereochemistry.
The metal catalyst used can be either heterogeneous or homogeneous. When hydrogenation of an alkene generates a chiral center, a pair of enantiomeric products is expected to form. However, an enantiomeric excess of one of the products can be facilitated using an enantioselective reaction or an...
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Hydrogen Bonds01:04

Hydrogen Bonds

7.8K
A hydrogen bond is formed when a weakly positive hydrogen atom already bonded to one electronegative atom (for example, the oxygen in the water molecule) is attracted to another electronegative atom from another polar molecule, such as water (H2O), hydrogen fluoride (HF), or ammonia (NH3). The huge electronegativity difference between the H atom (2.1) and the atom to which it is bonded (4.0 for an F atom, 3.5 for an O atom, or 3.0 for an N atom), combined with the very small size of an H atom...
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Regioselectivity and Stereochemistry of Acid-Catalyzed Hydration02:34

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The rate of acid-catalyzed hydration of alkenes depends on the alkene's structure, as the presence of alkyl substituents at the double bond can significantly influence the rate.
8.3K
Regioselectivity and Stereochemistry of Hydroboration02:36

Regioselectivity and Stereochemistry of Hydroboration

8.0K
A significant aspect of hydroboration–oxidation is the regio- and stereochemical outcome of the reaction.
Hydroboration proceeds in a concerted fashion with the attack of borane on the π bond, giving a cyclic four-centered transition state. The –BH2 group is bonded to the less substituted carbon and –H to the more substituted carbon. The concerted nature requires the simultaneous addition of –H and –BH2 across the same face of the alkene giving syn...
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Updated: May 24, 2025

Protein Film Infrared Electrochemistry Demonstrated for Study of H2 Oxidation by a [NiFe] Hydrogenase
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Electron delocalization-modulated hydroxyl binding for enhanced hydrogen evolution reaction activity.

Da Liu1, Peifang Guo1, Qiangqiang Wang1

  • 1Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China.

Science Bulletin
|March 1, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Adding magnesium to iron-nickel layered double hydroxides enhances hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) activity. This strategy optimizes hydroxyl binding, crucial for efficient alkaline water electrolysis and advanced electrocatalyst design.

Keywords:
DelocalizationDissociation of waterHydrogen evolution reactionHydroxyl liberationKinetic process

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A Simple, Low-cost, and Robust System to Measure the Volume of Hydrogen Evolved by Chemical Reactions with Aqueous Solutions
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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Catalysis

Background:

  • Hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is key for alkaline water electrolysis.
  • High oxophilicity metals boost water dissociation but face challenges with hydroxyl binding.
  • Optimizing hydroxyl interaction is critical for improving HER kinetics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a strategy for enhancing alkaline HER activity by tuning hydroxyl binding.
  • To investigate the role of alkaline earth metal cations in electron delocalization.
  • To design and test FeNiMg-layered double hydroxides (LDHs) as efficient HER electrocatalysts.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of FeNiMg-layered double hydroxides (LDHs).
  • Operando spectroscopy analysis to study catalyst behavior under reaction conditions.
  • Theoretical calculations (e.g., DFT) to understand electronic structure and binding energies.
  • Electrochemical measurements to evaluate HER performance and overpotentials.

Main Results:

  • FeNiMg-LDH catalysts demonstrated significantly improved HER activity compared to FeNi-LDH and Ni-LDH.
  • Magnesium cations induced electron delocalization, optimizing the binding of adsorbed hydroxyl species.
  • Lowered overpotentials were achieved for FeNiMg-LDH to reach a current density of 10 mA cm⁻².
  • Operando spectroscopy and theoretical calculations confirmed the mechanism of optimized hydroxyl binding.

Conclusions:

  • Alkaline earth metal cation-driven electron delocalization is an effective strategy for designing advanced HER electrocatalysts.
  • FeNiMg-LDH shows great potential for efficient hydrogen production in alkaline media.
  • This work provides insights into rational catalyst design for alkaline water electrolysis.