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Related Concept Videos

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The targeted cancer therapies, also known as “molecular targeted therapies,” take advantage of the molecular and genetic differences between the cancer cells and the normal cells. It needs a thorough understanding of the cancer cells to develop drugs that can target specific molecular aspects that drive the growth, progression, and spread of cancer cells without affecting the growth and survival of other normal cells in the body.
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Tumor suppressor genes are normal genes that can slow down cell division, repair DNA mistakes, or program the cells for apoptosis in case of irreparable damage. Hence, they play an essential role in preventing the proliferation of damaged cells.
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The mammalian target of rapamycin or mTOR protein was discovered in 1994 due to its direct interaction with rapamycin. The protein gets its name from a yeast homolog called TOR. The mTOR protein complex in mammalian cells plays a major role in balancing anabolic processes such as the synthesis of proteins, lipids, and nucleotides and catabolic processes, such as autophagy in response to environmental cues, such as availability of nutrients and growth factors.
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Under normal conditions, most adult cells remain in a non-proliferative state unless stimulated by internal or external factors to replace lost cells. Abnormal cell proliferation is a condition in which the cell's growth exceeds and is uncoordinated with normal cells. In such situations, cell division persists in the same excessive manner even after cessation of the stimuli, leading to persistent tumors. The tumor arises from the damaged cells that replicate to pass the damage to the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 24, 2025

The Use of Reverse Phase Protein Arrays RPPA to Explore Protein Expression Variation within Individual Renal Cell Cancers
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Papillary Renal Cell Carcinoma: Current Evidence and Future Directions.

Albert Jang1, Charbel S Hobeika2, Shilpa Gupta3

  • 1Section of Solid Tumor Oncology, University Hospitals Seidman Cancer Center, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cleveland, OH, USA.

Kidney Cancer (Clifton, Va.)
|March 3, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Papillary renal cell carcinoma (pRCC) has poorer outcomes in metastatic stages compared to clear cell RCC (ccRCC). More dedicated clinical trials are needed to improve pRCC treatment and outcomes.

Keywords:
Papillary renal cell carcinomacabozantinibimmune checkpoint inhibitorstargeted molecular therapies

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Comparing Metastatic Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma Model Established in Mouse Kidney and on Chicken Chorioallantoic Membrane
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A Syngeneic Mouse Model of Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma for Quantitative and Longitudinal Assessment of Preclinical Therapies
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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Nephrology
  • Genitourinary Cancers

Background:

  • Papillary renal cell carcinoma (pRCC) accounts for 15-20% of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) cases.
  • While localized pRCC shows better outcomes, metastatic pRCC has significantly worse prognosis than metastatic clear cell RCC (ccRCC).
  • Limited research and clinical trials for pRCC necessitate treatment extrapolation from ccRCC therapies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the pathophysiology and genetic features of pRCC.
  • To outline the evolution of pRCC treatment strategies from the cytokine era to current approaches.
  • To highlight current challenges in managing pRCC and the need for dedicated clinical trials.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of pRCC pathophysiology, genetics, and treatment evolution.
  • Analysis of current treatment strategies including tyrosine kinase inhibitors and immune checkpoint inhibitors.
  • Discussion of outcomes and challenges in pRCC management.

Main Results:

  • pRCC exhibits distinct features from ccRCC, particularly in metastatic settings.
  • Emerging treatments like tyrosine kinase inhibitors show promise, especially in combination with immune checkpoint inhibitors.
  • Current treatment response rates and outcomes for pRCC still lag behind ccRCC.

Conclusions:

  • Dedicated clinical trials for pRCC are urgently required.
  • Optimizing pRCC management necessitates a deeper understanding of its unique characteristics.
  • Advancements in targeted therapies and immunotherapy offer potential for improved pRCC patient outcomes.