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Hearing

Hearing

When we hear a sound, our nervous system is detecting sound waves—pressure waves of mechanical energy traveling through a medium. The frequency of the wave is perceived as pitch, while the amplitude is perceived as loudness.

The Cochlea

The Cochlea

The cochlea is a coiled structure in the inner ear that contains hair cells—the sensory receptors of the auditory system. Sound waves are transmitted to the cochlea by small bones attached to the eardrum called the ossicles, which vibrate the oval window that leads to the inner ear. This causes fluid in the chambers of the cochlea to move, vibrating the basilar membrane.

The Auditory Ossicles

The Auditory Ossicles

The auditory ossicles of the middle ear transmit sounds from the air as vibrations to the fluid-filled cochlea. The auditory ossicles consist of two malleus (hammer) bones, two incus (anvil) bones, and two stapes (stirrups), one on each side. These bones develop during the fetal stage and are the ones to ossify first. They are fully mature at birth and do not grow afterward.
The aptly named stapes look very much like a stirrup. The three ossicles are unique to mammals, and each plays a role in...

Anatomy of the Ear

Anatomy of the Ear

Auditory sensation, commonly called hearing, involves the transformation of sonic waves into neural impulses facilitated by the structures of the auditory organ. The prominent, flesh-like structure on the side of the head, called the auricle, directs sound waves towards the auditory canal. The auricle is often mislabeled as the pinna, a term more aligned with mobile structures like a feline's external ear. The auditory canal penetrates the cranium via the external auditory meatus of the...

Auditory Perception

Auditory Perception

The auditory system is essential for sound perception, utilizing various critical structures. When sound waves enter the outer ear, they travel through the ear canal and cause the eardrum to vibrate. These vibrations are then transmitted to the middle ear, where three tiny bones – the malleus, incus, and stapes – amplify the sound. This amplification is crucial, as it ensures that the sound vibrations are strong enough to be conveyed to the inner ear. These vibrations then reach the cochlea, a...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 4, 2026

Endoscopic Septoplasty with Limited Two-line Resection: Minimally Invasive Surgery for Septal Deviation

Endoscopic Septoplasty with Limited Two-line Resection: Minimally Invasive Surgery for Septal Deviation

Published on: June 20, 2018

Esthetic and reconstructive options for earlobe deformities.

Uwe Wollina¹, Alberto Goldman², Pedro Machado Luz³

¹Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Städtisches Klinikum Dresden, Dresden, Germany.

Journal of Cutaneous and Aesthetic Surgery

|March 3, 2025

Summary

Earlobe rejuvenation addresses aging changes like elongation and ptosis. Treatments including surgery, laser, and fillers offer effective solutions for earlobe deformities and aesthetic concerns.

Keywords:

Atrophy Esthetics Hyaluronic acid Lasers Rejuvenation

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Area of Science:

Aesthetic Medicine
Dermatology
Plastic Surgery

Background:

The earlobe significantly frames the face and enhances facial features.
Aging leads to earlobe changes like elongation, ptosis, and tissue atrophy.
Deformities can arise from surgery, piercings, or gauging.

Purpose of the Study:

To describe common earlobe changes.
To review current treatments for earlobe rejuvenation and reconstruction.
To address anatomy, aesthetic concerns, and therapeutic approaches.

Main Methods:

A narrative review of treatment options was conducted.
Searched PubMed database for relevant studies.
Identified less invasive surgical procedures, laser therapy, and fillers (fat or hyaluronic acid) as therapeutic options.

Main Results:

Various approaches can improve aged earlobes and correct deformities.
Proper diagnosis is crucial for selecting the optimal treatment or combination of procedures.
Earlobe rejuvenation can significantly enhance appearance.

Conclusions:

Surgical procedures, laser rejuvenation, fat injection, and fillers are effective for earlobe aesthetic issues.
These methods offer simple and effective solutions for acquired deformities.
Earlobe rejuvenation improves overall facial aesthetics.