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    Area of Science:

    • Biomedical Engineering
    • Materials Science
    • Analytical Chemistry

    Background:

    • Carbon dioxide (CO2) sensing is vital for miniaturized biomedical devices.
    • Luminescence films offer a practical approach for transcutaneous CO2 measurement.
    • Lifetime-based measurements are more robust than intensity-based methods.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To develop an accurate method for determining nanosecond-scale luminescence lifetimes of CO2-sensitive materials.
    • To address challenges in CO2 sensor signal processing for biomedical applications.
    • To improve the reliability of transcutaneous CO2 monitoring.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilized a time-correlated single photon counting system with silicon photomultipliers.
    • Developed a behavioral model incorporating nonidealities like dark count rate, afterpulsing, and crosstalk.
    • Applied denoising and fitting techniques with hyperparameter optimization for lifetime recovery.

    Main Results:

    • Achieved improved accuracy in recovering luminescence lifetime values between 3 ns and 7 ns.
    • Demonstrated the robustness of the lifetime-based measurement approach.
    • Validated the proposed model and techniques for real-world CO2 sensing scenarios.

    Conclusions:

    • The developed behavioral model and signal processing techniques accurately determine CO2-sensitive luminescence lifetimes.
    • This advancement enhances the performance of miniaturized CO2 sensors for biomedical use.
    • The findings support the practical application of these sensors in transcutaneous CO2 monitoring.