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Related Concept Videos

Altered States of Awareness01:06

Altered States of Awareness

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Altered states of consciousness represent significant deviations from one's normal mental state. These deviations can range from subtle changes in awareness to profound transformations in perception, thought processes, and sensory experiences. Altered states of consciousness can be triggered by various factors, including drug use, meditation, hypnosis, illness, or even intense fatigue.
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CNS stimulants, such as cocaine, amphetamines, and cannabinoids, have varying structures and mechanisms of action that lead to different therapeutic effects and side effects. Cocaine, with its molecular formula C17H21NO4, is a tropane alkaloid and a tertiary amino compound. It has two chemical forms: the hydrochloride salt and the "freebase." The former is in powder form, while the latter involves removing the hydrochloride salt to create a form that can be smoked. Cocaine exerts its...
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Hallucinogens are psychoactive substances that profoundly alter perceptual experiences, generating unreal visual and sensory images. Often referred to as psychedelic drugs — a term derived from the Greek words "psyche" (mind) and "delos" (revealing) — these substances include marijuana and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), among others. These drugs vary in intensity and effects.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 24, 2025

Brain Morphology of Cannabis Users With or Without Psychosis: A Pilot MRI Study
07:30

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Altered Functional Connectivity Dynamics Serving Cognitive Flexibility in Regular Cannabis Users.

Kellen M McDonald1,2, Mikki Schantell1,3, Jason A John1

  • 1Institute for Human Neuroscience, Boys Town National Research Hospital, Omaha, Nebraska, USA.

Addiction Biology
|March 5, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Chronic cannabis use alters brain connectivity related to cognitive flexibility. This study found differences in how brain networks connect during task switching in cannabis users compared to non-users.

Keywords:
MEGattention networkmagnetoencephalographyoscillationstask switch

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Science
  • Psychiatry

Background:

  • Cannabis use is common, yet its effects on executive functions like cognitive flexibility remain unclear.
  • Understanding the neural basis of cognitive flexibility in chronic cannabis users is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of chronic cannabis use on cognitive flexibility.
  • To examine the underlying functional connectivity dynamics during task switching.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized magnetoencephalography (MEG) to record brain activity in 25 chronic cannabis users and 30 non-users.
  • Employed a task-switch paradigm to assess cognitive flexibility and analyzed neural oscillatory responses and whole-brain connectivity.
  • Correlated functional connectivity switch costs with behavioral switch costs and compared group differences.

Main Results:

  • Behaviorally, all participants showed slower reaction times during switch trials.
  • Cannabis users displayed altered associations between functional connectivity switch costs and behavioral switch costs.
  • These alterations were observed along pathways connecting visual cortices and the ventral attention network across theta, alpha, and gamma frequency bands.

Conclusions:

  • Chronic cannabis use is associated with modified multispectral associations between functional connectivity and behavioral switch costs.
  • These modifications involve visual cortices and brain regions critical for executive function.
  • Findings highlight neurobiological differences in cognitive flexibility related to chronic cannabis consumption.