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Related Concept Videos

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

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Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
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Multicellular organisms contain a variety of structurally and functionally distinct cell types, but the DNA in all the cells originated from the same parent cells. The differences in the cells can be attributed to the differential gene expression. Liver cells, whose functions include detoxification of blood, production of bile to metabolize fats, and synthesis of proteins essential for metabolism, must express a specific set of genes to perform their functions. Gene expression also varies with...
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The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the...
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Hormones—or any molecule that binds to a receptor, known as a ligand—that are lipid-insoluble (water-soluble) are not able to diffuse across the cell membrane. In order to be able to affect a cell without entering it, these hormones bind to receptors on the cell membrane. When a first messenger, a hormone, binds to a receptor, a signal cascade is set off, causing second messengers, proteins inside the cell, to become activated, resulting in downstream effects.
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MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns—non-coding regions of a gene—or intergenic regions—stretches of DNA present between genes. Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After...
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Updated: May 8, 2025

Efficient Transcriptionally Controlled Plasmid Expression System for Investigation of the Stability of mRNA Transcripts in Primary Alveolar Epithelial Cells
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Cell Surface RNA Expression Modulates Alveolar Epithelial Function.

Jubilant Kwame Abledu1, Christopher J Herbst1,2, Raphael Brandt3

  • 1Institute of Physiology.

American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology
|March 5, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Glycosylated RNA (glycoRNA) is a newly found component of the cell surface glycocalyx. This study reveals its role in alveolar epithelial cells, impacting barrier function and influenza A virus infection.

Keywords:
alveolar epitheliumglycoRNAglycocalyx

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Glycobiology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Glycosylated RNA (glycoRNA) is a novel component of the cell surface glycocalyx.
  • Its biological functions, particularly in epithelial cells, are largely unknown.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the expression and function of glycoRNA in alveolar epithelial cells.
  • To establish novel methods for detecting cell surface glycoRNA.

Main Methods:

  • Developed and optimized in-gel imaging techniques using fluorescent dye conjugates for glycoRNA detection.
  • Utilized specific labeling strategies including Cy5-hydrazide, DBCO-Sulfo-Cy5 with azido-sugars, and biotinylated lectins.
  • Analyzed glycoRNA abundance in primary alveolar epithelial cells and cell lines.

Main Results:

  • Identified cell-type specific variations in glycoRNA abundance across different alveolar epithelial cells.
  • Demonstrated that RNase treatment reduces epithelial glycoRNA, decreases transepithelial electrical resistance, and lowers influenza A viral load.
  • Showcased the ability to detect total, de novo synthesized, and specific glycoRNA types.

Conclusions:

  • GlycoRNA is a significant component of the alveolar epithelial glycocalyx.
  • GlycoRNA plays a role in regulating epithelial barrier function.
  • GlycoRNA may be involved in the modulation of viral infections, such as influenza A.