Circadian rhythmicity of symptomatic phenotypes in multiple sclerosis: the CircaMS study protocol and feasibility of...

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune neurological disease with a variable prognosis and unpredictable course. Fatigue, pain and low mood are common symptoms that tend to fluctuate in people with MS (pwMS). Disrupted circadian rhythms may have a role in the symptoms' variability. Distinguishing interindividual differences and temporal daily fluctuations in MS symptoms may help to define specific symptomatic phenotypes. Understanding how these phenotypes are associated with quality of life and their immunological underpinnings-immune profiles-could shape new MS management strategies. Our primary aim is to document ongoing fluctuations in fatigue, pain and mood in a cohort of pwMS to determine whether symptom variability is associated with differential quality of life. Our secondary aim is to evaluate the feasibility of our study design to identify immune profiles of circadian rhythmicity in MS.

This observational cohort study examines individual temporal fluctuations in MS symptomatology via ecological momentary assessment in a cohort of pwMS. All participants complete (1) a baseline battery of questionnaires and (2) electronic symptom-tracking diaries to rate fatigue, pain intensity and mood on a 0-10 scale at three time points (08:00, 14:00 and 20:00) for 10 days. Participants will be grouped into symptomatic phenotypes based on longitudinal data from e-diaries. We will assess whether exhibiting a specific phenotype is associated with certain baseline measures. A subgroup of 20 participants-feasibility study-will also complete blood sample collection two times within 24 hours to study immune profiles and molecular markers of circadian rhythmicity in MS. Flow cytometry, whole blood RNA sequencing and plasma analyses will be applied to determine changes in immune profiles indicative of circadian rhythmicity.This work has the potential to reduce the burden of this complex disease on a global scale. Future studies will build on our work to understand individual variability in MS symptomatology, including disease severity; identification of biomarkers underlying the association between rhythmic symptomatology profiles and symptomatic phenotypes in MS; and designing personalised interventions focused on interindividual differences in symptomatology and circadian rhythmicity.

The CircaMS project and its associated procedures have been reviewed and approved by the Queen's University Health Sciences and Affiliated Teaching Hospitals research ethics board (File number: 6039383). Participants provide informed consent to participate, and their data will not be identifiable in any publication or report. All documents are stored securely and only accessible by study staff and authorised personnel. The results will be presented to academic and lay audiences via national/international conferences, publications in peer-reviewed journals, social media and through an official website created to engage pwMS, caregivers, clinicians and researchers.