Related Experiment Video
Updated: May 24, 2025
Following in Real Time the Impact of Pneumococcal Virulence Factors in an Acute Mouse Pneumonia Model Using Bioluminescent Bacteria
Published on: February 23, 2014
Invasive Pneumococcal Disease and Impact of 7- and 13-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccines in Singapore Children
Jiahui Li1, Chee Fu Yung1, Kai-Qian Kam1
1Paediatric Infectious Disease Service, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore.
Insights
Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) significantly reduced invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) in young children in Singapore. However, serotype 19A remains a challenge post-vaccination.
Area of Science:
- Epidemiology
- Vaccinology
- Infectious Diseases
Background:
- Invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) data from Southeast Asia are limited.
- The introduction of higher-valency pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) necessitates evaluating their impact on disease burden and serotype distribution.
Purpose of the Study:
- To assess the impact of PCV introduction into Singapore's National Childhood Immunisation Schedule (NCIS) on IPD burden and serotype replacement.
- To analyze trends in IPD incidence and serotype prevalence before and after PCV implementation.
Main Methods:
- Utilized single-center IPD surveillance data from 2000-2023.
- Compared IPD incidence in children aged <17 years across two periods: pre-PCV introduction (2000-2009) and post-PCV introduction (2010-2023).
Main Results:
- Overall IPD incidence was 3.9 per 100,000 children.
- A significant decline in IPD incidence was observed in children ≤2 years (13.3 to 4.7/100,000).
- IPD caused by PCV7 serotypes decreased significantly, while serotype 19A IPD increased substantially post-PCV13 introduction.
Conclusions:
- PCV introduction into Singapore's NCIS substantially reduced the burden of IPD in young children.
- Serotype 19A remains a significant challenge, contributing to IPD cases even after PCV13 implementation.
Background:
Data on burden of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) are lacking from Southeast Asia. With the introduction of higher-valency pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs), we aim to assess the impact of PCV introduction into Singapore's National Childhood Immunisation Schedule (NCIS) on IPD burden and serotype replacement.
Methods:
Using IPD surveillance data from a single center, we compared the incidence of IPD in children aged <17 years before and after introduction of the PCV into the NCIS (2000-2009, period 1; 2010-2023, period 2).
Results:
The overall incidence of IPD from 2000 to 2023 was 3.9 per 100 000 children. The decline in IPD incidence between periods 1 and 2 was greatest in children aged ≤2 years (13.3 to 4.7/100 000 children; incidence rate ratio 0.4 [95% CI, .3-.5]; P < .001). From period 1 to 2, IPD due to PCV7 serotypes declined from 136 (68.0%) to 37 (22.0%; odds ratio [OR], 0.1 [95% CI, .1-.2]; P < .001) and IPD by PCV13 serotypes from 161 (80.5%) to 118 (70.2%; OR 0.6 [95% CI, .4-.9]; P = .03). The proportion of children with IPD due to serotype 19A increased from 13 (6.5%) to 65 (38.7%) from period 1 to 2 (OR 9.1 [95% CI, 4.8-16.7]; P < .001). None of the children could be confirmed to have IPD due to specific PCV15-non-PCV13 serotypes or PCV20-non-PCV13 serotypes.
Conclusions:
Introduction of PCV into Singapore's NCIS led to a substantial reduction in IPD burden in children aged ≤2 years. Serotype 19A continues to pose a challenge as a disease-causing serotype after PCV13 implementation in Singapore.
Related Concept Videos
01:30Pneumonia V: Nursing management and Prevention
The nurse must practice strict medical asepsis and adhere to infection control guidelines to minimize healthcare-associated infections.
Enhance airway patency
Position the patient correctly to facilitate drainage of the affected lung segments. Manual or mechanical percussion and vibration can also be employed....
01:30Pneumonia III: Complications and Assessment
01:30Pneumonia I: Introduction
Risk Factors
Various factors influence the likelihood of developing pneumonia. Age plays a crucial role, with infants, children under two, and individuals over 65 at increased risk due to their...
01:51Vaccinations
01:22Healthcare Associated Infections II: Preventive Measures
The best practices for preventing healthcare-associated infections include hand hygiene, patient risk...