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Related Concept Videos

Properties of Organometallic Compounds01:23

Properties of Organometallic Compounds

921
Organometallic compounds are compounds that contain a carbon–metal bond. Carbon belongs to an organyl group like alkyl, aryl, allyl, or benzyl groups. The metal can be from Group I or Group II of the periodic table, a transition metal, or a semimetal.
921
Alkali Metals03:06

Alkali Metals

19.0K
Group 1 elements are soft and shiny metallic solids. They are malleable, ductile, and good conductors of heat and electricity. The melting points of the alkali metals are unusually low for metals and decrease going down the group, while the density increases going down the group with the exception of potassium (Table 1).
Table 1: Properties of the alkali metals
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1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Overview01:26

1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Overview

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Nitrous acid and nitric acids are two types of acids containing nitrogen, among which nitrous acid is weaker than nitric acid. Nitrous acid with a pKa value of 3.37 ionizes in water to give a nitrite ion and the hydronium ion.
The nitrous acid is unstable. Hence, it is formed in situ from a solution of sodium nitrite and cold aqueous acids such as hydrochloric or sulfuric acid. In an acidic solution, the –OH group of nitrous acid undergoes protonation to give oxonium ion, followed by...
3.2K
Molecular and Ionic Solids02:54

Molecular and Ionic Solids

16.7K
Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their interparticle interactions.
Molecular Solids
Molecular crystalline solids, such as ice, sucrose (table sugar), and iodine, are solids that are composed of neutral molecules as their constituent units. These molecules are held together by weak intermolecular forces such as London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions, or hydrogen bonds, which...
16.7K
Lewis Structures of Molecular Compounds and Polyatomic Ions02:54

Lewis Structures of Molecular Compounds and Polyatomic Ions

34.3K
To draw Lewis structures for complicated molecules and molecular ions, it is helpful to follow a step-by-step procedure as outlined:
34.3K
Trends in Lattice Energy: Ion Size and Charge02:54

Trends in Lattice Energy: Ion Size and Charge

23.6K
An ionic compound is stable because of the electrostatic attraction between its positive and negative ions. The lattice energy of a compound is a measure of the strength of this attraction. The lattice energy (ΔHlattice) of an ionic compound is defined as the energy required to separate one mole of the solid into its component gaseous ions. For the ionic solid sodium chloride, the lattice energy is the enthalpy change of the process:
23.6K

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Author Spotlight: A Rapid, Microwave-Assisted Hydrothermal Synthesis Of Nickel Hydroxide Nanosheets
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Engineering Ni(OH)2 with Pd for Efficient Electrochemical Urea Oxidation.

Nijita Mathew1, Radha Rathod2, Sougata Saha3,4

  • 1Chemistry and Physics of Materials Unit, School of Advanced Materials (SAMat); JNCASR, Bengaluru, 560064, India.

Chemistry, an Asian Journal
|March 6, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Palladium-incorporated nickel hydroxide (Pd/Ni(OH)2) enhances urea-assisted water electrolysis by reducing overpotential and improving catalyst stability. This advanced catalyst prevents CO2 poisoning, achieving 300 hours of operation compared to unmodified Ni(OH)2.

Keywords:
electrocatalysiselectrochemistryelectrodepositionhydrogenurea oxidationurea-assisted electrolysis

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Area of Science:

  • Electrochemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Catalysis

Background:

  • Urea-assisted water electrolysis offers an energy-efficient alternative to traditional water splitting, with a lower thermodynamic potential.
  • Nickel hydroxide (Ni(OH)2) is an effective catalyst, but suffers from active site poisoning by strongly adsorbed CO2, limiting its long-term stability.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effect of palladium (Pd) incorporation into Ni(OH)2 for urea-assisted water electrolysis.
  • To enhance the catalytic efficiency and long-term stability of Ni(OH)2-based electrocatalysts.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis and characterization of Pd-incorporated Ni(OH)2 (Pd/Ni(OH)2) electrocatalysts.
  • Electrochemical measurements including overpotential, Tafel slope, and charge transfer resistance.
  • X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) to determine metal species.
  • Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations for mechanism exploration.
  • Operando Raman and IR spectroscopy to study active sites and intermediates.

Main Results:

  • Pd/Ni(OH)2 demonstrated a 40 mV decrease in overpotential at 10 mA cm−2 compared to Ni(OH)2.
  • Improved reaction kinetics were indicated by reduced Tafel slope and charge transfer resistance, leading to higher current density (380 mA cm−2 at 1.5 V for Pd/Ni(OH)2 vs. 180 mA cm−2 for Ni(OH)2).
  • XAS revealed metallic Pd in the bulk and oxide phase on the surface; DFT and operando spectroscopy elucidated the mechanism and Pd's role in preventing CO2 adsorption.
  • Pd incorporation significantly improved catalyst stability to 300 hours.

Conclusions:

  • Palladium incorporation effectively enhances the electrocatalytic performance and stability of Ni(OH)2 for urea-assisted water electrolysis.
  • The improved performance is attributed to the modified electronic structure and the prevention of CO2 adsorption at active sites by Pd.
  • This study presents a promising strategy for developing robust and efficient electrocatalysts for energy conversion applications.