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    Virtual Reality (VR) can enhance embodiment but not perspective-taking (PT) alone. Specific tasks prompting users to consider others' thoughts and feelings are crucial for fostering genuine PT in VR experiences.

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    Area of Science:

    • Human-Computer Interaction
    • Cognitive Psychology
    • Virtual Reality Studies

    Background:

    • Virtual Reality (VR) offers immersive experiences and emotional engagement.
    • The capacity of VR to foster genuine perspective-taking (PT) remains uncertain.
    • Common beliefs suggest VR allows users to 'become someone else,' potentially influencing cognitive standpoints.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate whether VR's first-person perspective (1PP) or third-person perspective (3PP) influences perspective-taking.
    • To determine the impact of specific perspective-taking tasks on cognitive engagement within VR.
    • To clarify the role of viewpoint versus content in achieving authentic PT through VR.

    Main Methods:

    • A 2x2 experimental design was employed, manipulating perspective (1PP vs. 3PP) and the presence of a PT task.
    • Participants' PT was assessed using audio-recorded think-aloud protocols.
    • Embodiment and PT were measured to analyze the effects of different VR conditions.

    Main Results:

    • First-person perspective (1PP) in VR enhanced perceived embodiment but did not significantly improve perspective-taking.
    • Perspective-taking significantly increased when participants engaged in a specific task prompting them to consider a character's viewpoint.
    • Without explicit tasks, participants tended to revert to their own perspectives, irrespective of the viewpoint (1PP or 3PP).

    Conclusions:

    • VR's potential for fostering perspective-taking is not solely dependent on the immersive viewpoint.
    • Intentional design incorporating targeted perspective-taking tasks is essential for leveraging VR as an 'empathy machine'.
    • Content and cognitive engagement, rather than just viewpoint, are key to facilitating authentic perspective-taking in virtual reality.