Diverse nanoparticles deliver mRNA to enhance tumor immunotherapy

Limited efficacy and severe side effects often result in suboptimal outcomes to solid tumor therapies. In contrast, the reduced side effects and potential long-term benefits of tumor immunotherapy offer promise, notwithstanding the challenges of variable patient responses and immune-related adverse events hindering its widespread application. Recent advances in mRNA technology have revolutionized cancer immunotherapy. The versatility of mRNA as a vaccine and therapeutic agent is evident in it overcoming the limitations of traditional approaches by reducing in vivo toxicity and enhancing immune response activation. The synergy between mRNA technology and immunotherapy is increasingly being utilized to improve cancer treatment efficacy. One critical aspect of maximizing the therapeutic impact of mRNA-based treatments is the selection of an effective delivery system. Due to their size properties and material characteristics, nanoparticles offer a transformative solution, enabling the targeted and efficient delivery of mRNA to tumor tissues or immune cells. This precision delivery mechanism significantly enhances the effectiveness of immunotherapy, and represents a significant advance in cancer treatment. This review aims to explore how mRNA delivery via nanoparticles enhances tumor immunotherapy. Examination of its applications and challenges provides insights and strategic perspectives to advance this innovative therapeutic approach. [BMB Reports 2025; 58(3): 124-132].