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Color perception begins in the retina, the light-sensitive layer at the back of the eye. Two main theories explain how colors are seen: the trichromatic theory and the opponent-process theory. The trichromatic theory, proposed by Thomas Young in 1802 and extended by Hermann von Helmholtz in 1852, suggests that color vision is based on three types of cone receptors in the retina. These cones are sensitive to different but overlapping ranges of wavelengths corresponding to red, blue, and green.
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Training Synesthetic Letter-color Associations by Reading in Color
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Levels of Processing Effects on Memory for Color-Object Associations.

Mirela Dubravac1, Chhavi Sachdeva1, Nicolas Rothen1

  • 1Faculty of Psychology, UniDistance Suisse, Brig, Switzerland.

Journal of Cognition
|March 10, 2025
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Summary

Deeper memory encoding, by processing meaning, improves recall more than shallow encoding. This study confirms the levels of processing effect for pictures using novel size judgment tasks.

Keywords:
color recallcolor-object associationlevels of processingmemory

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Visual Memory

Background:

  • The levels of processing effect shows deeper encoding enhances memory.
  • This effect is well-studied for verbal but less for nonverbal materials like pictures.
  • Previous tasks confounded processing depth with other factors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To test the levels of processing framework for pictures.
  • To isolate semantic processing using novel encoding tasks.
  • To clarify how semantic processing impacts visual associative memory.

Main Methods:

  • An online study with 307 participants.
  • Novel size judgment tasks for shallow (displayed size) and deep (real-life size) encoding.
  • Compared memory performance between encoding conditions.

Main Results:

  • Deep encoding conditions (pleasantness, real-life size) led to better memory than shallow conditions (line, displayed size).
  • The new tasks minimized confounding factors.
  • Results support the levels of processing framework for visual stimuli.

Conclusions:

  • The levels of processing effect is applicable to nonverbal materials like pictures.
  • Semantic processing significantly enhances visual associative memory.
  • Novel encoding tasks provide clearer insights into memory mechanisms.