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Current Perspectives on Additive Manufacturing and Titanium Surface Nanotopography in Bone Formation.

Mariana Lima da Costa Valente¹, Lívia Maiumi Uehara¹, Rodolfo Lisboa Batalha²

¹Department of Dental Materials and Prosthesis, Ribeirão Preto School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.

Journal of Biomedical Materials Research. Part B, Applied Biomaterials

|March 10, 2025

Summary

Manufacturing methods and surface treatments significantly impact Ti6Al4V alloy properties and osteoblast behavior. Machined and additive-manufactured surfaces show superior osteogenic potential, with additive manufacturing exhibiting higher viability and differentiation.

Keywords:

additive manufacturing implant topography osteoblastic cell behavior physicochemical properties surface characterization titanium dental implants

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Area of Science:

Biomaterials Science
Materials Engineering
Cellular Biology

Background:

Ti6Al4V alloy is crucial for orthopedic implants.
Manufacturing methods (conventional vs. additive) and surface treatments influence alloy properties.
Understanding these impacts is vital for improving implant osseointegration.

Purpose of the Study:

To evaluate how conventional (Machined Discs - MD) and additive manufacturing (AD) methods, with and without surface treatments (MD-WT, AD-WT), affect Ti6Al4V alloy physicochemical properties.
To correlate these properties with osteoblast (MC3T3-E1) cellular behavior and osteogenic differentiation.

Main Methods:

Characterization of surface topography (SEM, AFM), roughness, chemical composition (EDS, XRD), surface free energy, and zeta potential.
Culturing MC3T3-E1 cells to assess morphology, viability, gene expression (Alpl, Ibsp, Bglap, Runx2), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, and matrix mineralization.
Statistical analysis using ANOVA and Holm-Sidak tests (p < 0.05).

Main Results:

Additive-manufactured (AD) surfaces showed greater roughness and lower surface free energy compared to machined (MD) surfaces.
Surface treatments (MD-WT, AD-WT) altered surface chemistry and topography.
MD and AD surfaces demonstrated superior osteogenic differentiation potential, with AD exhibiting higher cell viability and osteoblastic differentiation.

Conclusions:

Both machined and additive-manufactured Ti6Al4V surfaces, particularly when untreated, support osteogenic differentiation.
Additive manufacturing offers a viable alternative, yielding surfaces with high cell viability and osteogenic potential.
Surface characteristics significantly influence cellular response, guiding future implant design for enhanced osseointegration.