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Updated: May 23, 2025

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Prostate Cancer: A Review.

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Prostate cancer is a common cancer in men, with localized disease having a high survival rate. Advanced prostate cancer treatments, including androgen receptor pathway inhibitors, improve survival outcomes for metastatic cases.

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Urology
  • Cancer Research

Background:

  • Prostate cancer is the most common nonskin cancer in US men and the second most common globally.
  • Risk factors include genetics, older age, and Black race, with shared decision-making encouraged for screening.
  • Localized prostate cancer has a nearly 100% 5-year survival rate, while metastatic disease has a 37% 5-year survival rate.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize current understanding of prostate cancer epidemiology, risk factors, and treatment strategies.
  • To highlight advancements in managing localized and metastatic prostate cancer.
  • To inform clinical decision-making regarding screening, active surveillance, and therapeutic options.

Main Methods:

  • Review of epidemiological data on prostate cancer incidence and mortality.
  • Analysis of risk factors, including genetic predisposition and demographic variables.
  • Evaluation of treatment modalities for localized and metastatic prostate cancer, including active surveillance, surgery, radiation, androgen deprivation therapy, and novel agents.

Main Results:

  • Over 299,000 new US cases and 1.4 million global cases are estimated for 2024 and 2022, respectively.
  • Approximately 75% of patients present with localized disease, while 10% present with metastatic disease.
  • Novel androgen receptor pathway inhibitors, such as abiraterone, significantly improve overall survival in metastatic prostate cancer patients.

Conclusions:

  • Prostate cancer management varies based on disease stage and risk stratification.
  • Active surveillance is suitable for one-third of localized cases, while radiation or prostatectomy are options for higher-risk disease.
  • Androgen deprivation therapy combined with androgen receptor pathway inhibitors or chemotherapy represents the standard of care for metastatic prostate cancer.