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    This study introduces a novel robotic system to aid surgeons in vertebral body drilling during spinal interventions. The system enhances precision, reduces surgeon workload, and improves safety, paving the way for better patient outcomes.

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    Area of Science:

    • Robotics in Medicine
    • Surgical Technology
    • Human-Robot Interaction (HRI)

    Background:

    • Spine surgeries can benefit from advanced robotic systems, but integration is limited, with complex procedures like osteotomy still manual.
    • Manual procedures increase surgeon workload and stress, highlighting the need for assistive technologies.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To introduce a robotic system designed to assist surgeons during vertebral body drilling in spinal interventions.
    • To reduce surgeon workload, improve surgical precision, and enhance patient outcomes.

    Main Methods:

    • Development of a 7 Degree-of-Freedom robotic manipulator with an integrated drilling system.
    • Incorporation of a pre-planning tool, virtual fixture-based impedance control, and navigation for trajectory guidance and safety.
    • Validation of system accuracy on vertebral phantoms and porcine bone, followed by a user study comparing robotic-assisted to manual drilling.

    Main Results:

    • System validation demonstrated high accuracy in tracking, margin error, and angular alignment on phantoms and porcine bone.
    • User study revealed significantly reduced trajectory errors and boundary violations with the robotic system.
    • Participants reported lower mental and physical demand when using the robotic system compared to manual control.

    Conclusions:

    • The developed robotic system effectively assists surgeons in vertebral body drilling, enhancing precision and safety.
    • The system demonstrably reduces surgeon workload and improves performance during complex spinal procedures.
    • This technology holds significant potential for improving patient outcomes in robotic-assisted spine surgery.