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Related Concept Videos

Autoimmune Disorders01:29

Autoimmune Disorders

374
Autoimmune diseases are a group of disorders in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own cells, tissues, and organs. This results from an overactive immune response against substances and tissues normally present in the body. Let's delve into the concept and mechanism of autoimmune diseases from an immune system point of view, explore different causes and examples of such diseases, and discuss potential solutions.
Concept and Mechanism of Autoimmune Diseases
The immune...
374
Oppositional Defiant Disorder01:30

Oppositional Defiant Disorder

22
A persistent pattern of angry or irritable mood, defiant behavior, or vindictiveness characterizes Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD). Symptoms must occur over at least six months, involve interactions with individuals beyond siblings, and meet specific diagnostic criteria to be clinically significant. The disorder affects emotional regulation, social interactions, and behavior, often manifesting early in life and influencing long-term development and functioning.
Diagnostic Criteria and...
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T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

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When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...
756
Drugs for Treatment of Crohn's Disease in IBD Using Immunomodulatory Agents01:29

Drugs for Treatment of Crohn's Disease in IBD Using Immunomodulatory Agents

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Crohn's disease is an inflammatory bowel disorder marked by chronic inflammation of the GI tract. Various treatment strategies for Crohn's disease are employed, such as immunomodulatory agents, glucocorticoids, and biologics or anti-TNF therapy. Azathioprine (Imuran), a commonly used immunomodulatory drug for Crohn's disease, is converted in the body to mercaptopurine, which inhibits purine biosynthesis and cell proliferation. Both are utilized in severe cases of Inflammatory Bowel...
130
Chronic Bowel Disorders: Introduction01:17

Chronic Bowel Disorders: Introduction

375
Chronic bowel diseases are a group of long-term conditions affecting the digestive tract, characterized by inflammation and damage to the gut lining. These conditions primarily include irritable bowel syndrome and inflammatory bowel disease.
Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) is a common disorder affecting the gastrointestinal tract. The distinctive feature is recurrent abdominal pain associated with altered bowel movements, manifesting as constipation, diarrhea, or fluctuating between both. The...
375
Autism Spectrum Disorder01:19

Autism Spectrum Disorder

53
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition marked by persistent deficits in social communication and interaction alongside restrictive and repetitive behaviors or interests. ASD is sometimes accompanied by intellectual impairment.
These core symptoms manifest differently among individuals, ranging from mild to severe. The disorder's complexity extends beyond its clinical presentation, encompassing a diverse range of biological, cognitive, and sociocultural influences.
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Updated: May 23, 2025

Signal Attenuation as a Rat Model of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
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Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Associated with Autoimmunity in Youth: Clinical Course before and after Rituximab +/-

Jennifer Frankovich1,2, Denise Calaprice1,2,3, Meiqian Ma1,2

  • 1Stanford Immune Behavioral Health Clinic and Research Program, Stanford University and Stanford Children's Health, Stanford, California, USA.

Developmental Neuroscience
|March 10, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Rituximab treatment showed significant recovery in approximately 70% of youth with presumed neuroimmune obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and autoimmunity. Adjunctive immunomodulation enhanced recovery rates, suggesting a potential therapeutic avenue for these complex cases.

Keywords:
Autoimmune diseasesCase studyImmunomodulatory treatmentObsessive-compulsive disorderPediatric acute-onset neuropsychiatric syndromePediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infectionPsychosisRituximab

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroimmunology
  • Psychiatry
  • Autoimmune Diseases

Background:

  • Evidence suggests autoimmune/inflammatory processes contribute to some obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) cases.
  • Neuropsychiatric symptoms in OCD may stem from these underlying immune system dysfunctions.
  • Studies on immunomodulatory treatments for such OCD cases are limited.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present cases of presumed neuroimmune OCD in youth treated with rituximab.
  • To evaluate the efficacy and safety of rituximab, with or without adjunctive immunomodulatory treatments.
  • To explore the role of autoimmunity in pediatric OCD and its response to immunotherapy.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective chart review of 23 pediatric patients with presumed neuroimmune OCD treated with rituximab +/- immunomodulation.
  • Assessment of immunological and psychiatric profiles, treatment protocols, and recovery status (did not recover, partial recovery, full recovery).
  • Data analysis included determination of recovery attribution and statistical comparison of adjunctive immunomodulation effects.

Main Results:

  • Approximately 70% of patients experienced significant recovery, often ceasing psychotropic medications.
  • Patients receiving adjunctive immunomodulation (e.g., IVIG, methotrexate) showed a significantly higher likelihood of recovery (p < 0.0001).
  • Most adverse events were mild and transient (infusion reactions, hypogammaglobulinemia); no life-threatening events occurred.

Conclusions:

  • Rituximab shows promise for treating a subset of youth with severe OCD linked to systemic autoimmunity.
  • Adjunctive immunomodulation appears to improve rituximab response rates in these patients.
  • Further randomized controlled trials are needed to confirm efficacy in OCD and complex neuropsychiatric conditions associated with autoimmunity.