Examining the Impact of Environmental Non-Persistent Compounds: Phthalates, BPA, and Benzophenone on Endometriosis

Endometriosis is a debilitating condition characterized by the growth of endometrial-like tissue outside the uterus, leading to chronic pain and inflammation. While its etiology remains complex, emerging evidence implicates environmental contaminants as potential contributors. This review explores the roles of endocrine-disrupting chemicals such as phthalates, bisphenol A (BPA), and benzophenone-like ultraviolet (UV) filters in the development and progression of endometriosis. These chemicals, commonly found in everyday products such as plastics, personal care items, and sunscreen, can mimic or interfere with hormonal functions, disrupting the hormonal balance essential for reproductive health. This review included 18 peer-reviewed studies on phthalates, BPA, and UV filters from 2003 to 2023. Evidence for UV filters was inconclusive, with only two studies available. BPA was positively associated with endometriosis in four out of seven studies. Phthalates were associated with a greater odds of endometriosis in five studies, and with a reduced odds in one study, while three studies found no association with endometriosis. This underscores the need for further research with improved timing of exposure measurement. Understanding the role of phthalates, BPA, and UV filters on endometriosis is crucial for developing effective prevention strategies, potentially reducing the burden of endometriosis.