The Potential Role of Advanced Glycation End Products in the Development of Kidney Disease

Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) represent a class of toxic and irreversible compounds formed through non-enzymatic reactions between proteins or lipids and carbonyl compounds. AGEs can arise endogenously under normal metabolic conditions and in pathological states such as diabetes, kidney disease, and inflammatory disorders. Additionally, they can be obtained exogenously through dietary intake, particularly from foods high in fat or sugar, as well as grilled and processed items. AGEs accumulate in various organs and have been increasingly recognized as significant contributors to the progression of numerous diseases, particularly kidney disease. As the kidney plays a crucial role in AGE metabolism and excretion, it is highly susceptible to AGE-induced damage. In this review, we provide a comprehensive discussion on the role of AGEs in the onset and progression of various kidney diseases, including diabetic nephropathy, chronic kidney disease, and acute kidney injury. We explore the potential biological mechanisms involved, such as AGE accumulation, the AGEs-RAGE axis, oxidative stress, inflammation, gut microbiota dysbiosis, and AGE-induced DNA damage. Furthermore, we discuss recent findings on the metabolic characteristics of AGEs in vivo and their pathogenic impact on renal function. Additionally, we examine the clinical significance of AGEs in the early diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of kidney diseases, highlighting their potential as biomarkers and therapeutic targets. By integrating recent advancements in AGE research, this review aims to provide new insights and strategies for mitigating AGE-related renal damage and improving kidney disease management.