Evaluating human exposure to antibiotic resistance genes

Area of Science:

• Environmental Science
• Microbiology
• Public Health

Background:

• Antibiotic resistance is a critical global health issue, responsible for millions of deaths annually.
• Antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) confer bacterial resistance to antibiotics, with transmission facilitated by horizontal gene transfer.
• Environmental ARGs pose significant biosafety and health risks through various exposure pathways.

Purpose of the Study:

• To highlight the escalating concern of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) as emerging contaminants.
• To emphasize the need for assessing ARG exposure within the One Health framework.
• To advocate for increased attention to ARG mitigation strategies.

Main Methods:

• This study is a perspective piece, synthesizing current knowledge on ARGs.
• It reviews the environmental presence and transmission of ARGs.
• It discusses human exposure routes and associated health hazards.

Main Results:

• ARGs in the environment increase human exposure risks via inhalation, ingestion, and contact.
• Environmental ARGs are classified as emerging contaminants due to their public health implications.
• Horizontal gene transfer accelerates the spread of antibiotic resistance.

Conclusions:

• Assessing ARG exposure through a One Health approach is essential.
• Effective mitigation strategies for ARGs require greater focus and development.
• Addressing ARGs is critical for safeguarding public health and environmental integrity.